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IntroductionAquatic ecosystems in floodplains provide homes for a variety of active bacterial populations. However, the coexistence pattern of bacterial communities of water and sediment in these ecosystems is unclear.MethodsIn the present study, Illumina Mi-Seq sequencing were to assess bacteria's co-occurrence patterns in the water and sediment of different time dynamics and plant communities of the Yellow River floodplain ecosystem.Results and discussionThe results showed that compared to water, the α-diversity of the bacterial community was way greater in sediment. The bacterial community structure significantly differed between water and sediment, and there was a limited overlap of interactions between the bacterial community of water and sediment. In addition, bacteria in water and sediment coexisting show different temporal shifts and community assembly patterns. The water was selected for specific groups of microorganisms that assemble over time in a non-reproducible and non-random way, whereas the sediment environment was relatively stable, and the bacterial communities were gathered randomly. The depth and plant cover significantly influenced the structure of a bacterial community in the sediment. The bacterial community in sediment formed a more robust network than those in water to cope with external changes. These findings improved our comprehension of the ecological trends of water and sediment bacterium colonies coexisting enhanced the biological barrier function, and the capacity of floodplain ecosystems to provide services and offered support for doing so.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease in middle-aged and elderly people. The pathogenesis of PD is complicated, resulting from the comprehensive action of many factors [3-5]. In addition, increasing studies have shown that autophagy plays an important role in the development of PD [6-9]. We found that Rotenone caused ROS to build up, which led to apoptosis. However, it is still not clear whether AMPK is involved in Rotenone-induced inhibition of autophagy and apoptosis. We found that Rotenone induced a significant increase in mitochondrial oxidative stress and activated AMPK signaling, leading to a decrease in intracellular autophagy and then apoptosis. The inhibition of autophagy, oxidative stress, and apoptosis induced by Rotenone could be significantly reversed by reducing the oxidative stress level with ursolic acid. In addition, the passivation of AMPK with Ad-dnAMPKα significantly alleviate AMPK phosphorylation, autophagy inhibition, oxidative stress, and apoptosis induced by Rotenone. In conclusion, Rotenone leads to autophagosome-dependent accumulation of apoptosis by inhibiting AMPK-impaired neuronal autophagy flux. Our results highlight that inhibiting AMPK activity and oxidative stress using ursolic acid to improve autophagy levels is a promising strategy to combat Rotenone-induced neurotoxicity.

IntroductionClimate change and anthropogenic activities are the greatest threats to floodplain ecosystems. A growing body of literature shows that floodplain ecosystems have experienced increased chemical fertilizer and pesticide loads, which will disturb the above and belowground ecosystems. However, we lack knowledge regarding the effects of such human activities on the vegetation and soil microbiomes in these ecosystems.MethodsIn the present study, plant functional traits and Illumina Mi-Seq sequencing were to assess the impact of nitrogen fertilizer and glyphosate addition on the structure and function of the vegetation and soil microbiomes (bacteria, fungi, and protists) in a floodplain ecosystem, and to assess the influence of seasonal variation.ResultsWe identified distinct response mechanisms of plant and microbial communities to the addition of nitrogen fertilizer and glyphosate, and seasonal variation. Nitrogen fertilizer and glyphosate significantly affected plant diversity, aboveground and underground biomass, and C and N content and significantly changed the leaf area and plant stature of dominant plants. However, the addition of nitrogen fertilizer and glyphosate did not significantly affect the diversity and structure of bacterial, fungal, and protist communities. The application of nitrogen fertilizer could improve the negative effects of glyphosate on the functional traits of plant communities. The seasonal variation of floodplain has significantly changed the soil’s physical, chemical, and biological properties. Our results showed that compared with that in summer, the soil ecosystem multifunctionality of the floodplain ecosystem in autumn was significantly lower. Seasonal variation had a significant effect on plant diversity and functional traits. Moreover, seasonal variation significantly affected the community compositions, diversity, and structure of bacteria, fungi, and protists. Seasonal variation had a stronger impact on fungal community assembly than on that of bacteria and protists. In summer, the assembly of the fungal community was dominated by a deterministic process, while in autumn, it is dominated by a stochastic process. In addition, the negative association among bacteria, fungi, and protists has been strengthened in autumn and formed a more robust network to cope with external changes.DiscussionThese results extended our understanding of the ecological patterns of soil microbiomes in floodplain ecosystems and provided support for enhancing the ecological barrier function and the service potential of floodplain ecosystems.

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