The exploration of new and efficient energy storage mechanisms through nanostructured electrode design is crucial for the development of high‐performance rechargeable batteries. Herein, black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) and Ti3C2 nanosheets (TNSs) are employed as battery and pseudocapacitive components, respectively, to construct BPQD/TNS composite anodes with a novel battery‐capacitive dual‐model energy storage (DMES) mechanism for lithium‐ion and sodium‐ion batteries. Specifically, as a battery‐type component, BPQDs anchored on the TNSs are endowed with improved conductivity and relieved stress upon cycling, enabling a high‐capacity and stable energy storage. Meanwhile, the pseudocapacitive TNS component with further atomic charge polarization induced by POTi interfacial bonds between the two components allows enhanced charge adsorption and efficient interfacial electron transfer, contributing a higher pseudocapacitive value and fast energy storage. The DMES mechanism is evidenced by substantial characterizations of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy, density functional theory calculations, and kinetics analyses. Consequently, the composite electrode exhibits superior battery performance, especially for lithium storage, such as high capacity (910 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1), long cycling stability (2400 cycles with a capacity retention over 100%), and high rate capability, representing the best comprehensive battery performance in BP‐based anodes to date.

IMPORTANCE Some uncertainty about the clinical value and dosing of atropine for the treatment of myopia in children remains. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy vs the adverse effects of various doses of atropine in the therapy for myopia in children. DATA SOURCES Data were obtained from PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, from inception to April 30, 2016. The reference lists of published reviews and clinicaltrials.gov were searched for additional relevant studies. Key search terms included myopia, refractive errors, and atropine. Only studies published in English were included. STUDY SELECTION Randomized clinical trials and cohort studies that enrolled patients younger than 18 years with myopia who received atropine in at least 1 treatment arm and that reported the annual rate of myopia progression and/or any adverse effects of atropine therapy were included in the analysis. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Two reviewers independently abstracted the data. Heterogeneity was statistically quantified by Q, H, and I 2 statistics, and a meta-analysis was performed using the random-effects model. The Cochrane Collaboration 6 aspects of bias and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale were used to assess the risk for bias. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES The primary outcome was a difference in efficacy and the presence of adverse effects at different doses of atropine vs control conditions. The secondary outcomes included the differences in adverse effects between Asian and white patients. RESULTS Nineteen unique studies involving 3137 unique children were included in the analysis. The weighted mean differences between the atropine and control groups in myopia progression were 0.50 diopters (D) per year (95% CI, 0.24-0.76 D per year) for low-dose atropine, 0.57 D per year (95% CI, 0.43-0.71 D per year) for moderate-dose atropine, and 0.62 D per year (95% CI, 0.45-0.79 D per year) for high-dose atropine (P < .001), which translated to a high effect size (Cohen d, 0.97, 1.76, and 1.94, respectively). All doses of atropine, therefore, were equally beneficial with respect to myopia progression (P = .15). High-dose atropine were associated with more adverse effects, such as the 43.1% incidence of photophobia compared with 6.3% for low-dose atropine and 17.8% for moderate-dose atropine (χ 2 2 = 7.05; P = .03). In addition, differences in the incidence of adverse effects between Asian and white patients were not identified (χ 2 1 = 0.81; P = .37 for photophobia). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This meta-analysis suggests that the efficacy of atropine is dose independent within this range, whereas the adverse effects are dose dependent.

Exploring Si-based anode materials with high electrical conductivity and electrode stability is crucial for high-performance lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Herein, we propose the fabrication of a Si-based composite where Si porous nanospheres (Si p-NSs) are tightly wrapped by Ti 3 C 2 T x (T x stands for the surface groups such as −OH, −F) MXene nanosheets (TNSs) through an interfacial assembly strategy. The TNSs as a conductive and robust tight of the Si p-NSs can effectively improve electron transport and electrode stability, as revealed by substantial characterizations and mechanical simulations. Moreover, the TNSs with rich surface groups enable strong interfacial interactions with the Si p-NS component and a pseudocapacitive behavior, beneficial for fast and stable lithium storage. Consequently, the Si p-NS@TNSs electrode with a high Si content of 85.6% exhibits significantly enhanced battery performance compared with the Si p-NSs electrode such as high reversible capacity (1154 mAh g −1 at 0.2 A g −1 ), long cycling stability (up to 2000 cycles with a 0.026% capacity decay rate per cycle), and excellent rate performances. Notably, the Si p-NS@TNSs electrode-based LIB full cell delivers a high energy uptake of 405 Wh kg −1 , many-times higher than that of the Si p-NSs full cell. This work offers a strategy to develop advanced Si-based anode materials with desirable properties for high-performance LIBs.

The intercalation strategy has become crucial for 2D layered materials to achieve desirable properties, however, the intercalated guests are often limited to metal ions or small molecules. Here, we develop a simple, mild and efficient polymer-direct-intercalation strategy that different polymers (polyethyleneimine and polyethylene glycol) can directly intercalate into the MoS2 interlayers, forming MoS2-polymer composites and interlayer-expanded MoS2/carbon heteroaerogels after carbonization. The polymer-direct-intercalation behavior has been investigated by substantial characterizations and molecular dynamic calculations. The resulting composite heteroaerogels possess 3D conductive MoS2/C frameworks, expanded MoS2 interlayers (0.98 nm), high MoS2 contents (up to 74%) and high Mo valence (+6), beneficial to fast and stable charge transport and enhanced pseudocapacitive energy storage. Consequently, the typical MoS2/N-doped carbon heteroaerogels exhibit outstanding supercapacitor performance, such as ultrahigh capacitance, remarkable rate capability and excellent cycling stability. This study offers a new intercalation strategy which may be generally applicable to 2D materials for promising energy applications.

SignificanceHighly oxygenated molecules are involved in autooxidation reactions leading to the formation of secondary organic aerosols (SOAs); they are also critical intermediates in autooxidation processes for liquid hydrogen degradation and the ignition of fuels in advanced combustion systems. However, these reactions are still poorly understood. In this study, we unveil a generalized reaction mechanism involving the autooxidation of peroxy radicals with at least three stages of sequential O2 addition. We elucidate important underlying kinetics and structural characteristics of autooxidation processes used for developing new technologies including those aimed at reducing climatically active SOAs and pollutants from fuel combustion. We show that advances can be made by bridging experimental and theoretical methods used by atmospheric and combustion scientists.