Polysaccharides, polynucleotides, and polypeptides are basic natural polymers. They have various applications based on their properties. This review mostly discusses the application of natural polymers as emulsion stabilizers. Natural emulsion stabilizers are polymers of amino acid, nucleic acid, carbohydrate, etc., which are derived from microorganisms, bacteria, and other organic materials. Plant and animal proteins are basic sources of natural emulsion stabilizers. Pea protein-maltodextrin and lentil protein feature entrapment capacity up to 88%, (1–10% concentrated), zein proteins feature 74–89% entrapment efficiency, soy proteins in various concentrations increase dissolution, retention, and stability to the emulsion and whey proteins, egg proteins, and proteins from all other animals are applicable in membrane formation and encapsulation to stabilize emulsion/nanoemulsion. In pharmaceutical industries, phospholipids, phosphatidyl choline (PC), phosphatidyl ethanol-amine (PE), and phosphatidyl glycerol (PG)-based stabilizers are very effective as emulsion stabilizers. Lecithin (a combination of phospholipids) is used in the cosmetics and food industries. Various factors such as temperature, pH, droplets size, etc. destabilize the emulsion. Therefore, the emulsion stabilizers are used to stabilize, preserve and safely deliver the formulated drugs, also as a preservative in food and stabilizer in cosmetic products. Natural emulsion stabilizers offer great advantages because they are naturally degradable, ecologically effective, non-toxic, easily available in nature, non-carcinogenic, and not harmful to health.

In Nepal, the productivity of maize is very low in comparison with developed countries. The use of hybrid varieties with proper nutrient management helps to unlock the high yielding potential of maize. So, the experiment was conducted at Fulbari, Dang, Nepal from June 30, 2019 to October 16, 2019 to find the yield performance of two maize varieties (Local and Hybrid) under different nutrient management. The study was conducted in factorial randomized complete block design with three replications and eight treatments. Treatments consist of different combinations of two maize varieties (Local and hybrid) and four different nutrient management practices. Significant effects of Nutrient management were observed on plant height, l eaf area index (LAI), kernels per row, kernels per cob maize, test weight, biological yield, economic yield and harvest index of maize. Similarly, significant effects of varieties was observed on plant height, leaf number, LAI, cob length, kernel rows per cob, kernels per kernel row, kernels per cob maize, test weight, biological yield, economic yield and harvest index of maize. Interaction effect of Nutrient management and varieties was found significant on LAI, kernel rows per cob, kernels per kernel row, kernels per cob maize, test weight, biological yield, economic yield and harvest index of maize. The overall performance of hybrid maize under Leaf color chart (LCC) based nutrient management was found better than other treatments. Therefore, production of Hybrid maize under LCC based nutrient management is suggested. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 8(2): 191-198

"This paper deals with the interaction of sodium dioctylsulfosuccinate (AOT) and methyl red (MR) by UV-Vis spectrophotometry at 298.15 K. The concentration of AOT varies from 0 to 0.12530 mol/kg and the concentration of methyl red is 3.71×10-5 M. Here, water concentration is defined by the R parameter. The R parameter in this study varied from 0 to 20. Two intense absorption bands were observed within the 380 to 540 nm wavelength of methyl red in methanol. Band 1(380 to 450 nm) of methyl red contains a higher absorbance peak than band 2(450 to 540 nm). When the concentration of AOT increased, band 1(380 - 450 nm) of methyl red decreased the absorbance peak, whereas band 2 (450 to 540 nm) of methyl red increased the absorbance peak with increasing AOT concentration. Band 1 shows a hypochromic shift of methyl red with an increase in AOT concentration, whereas band 2 shows a hyperchromic shift of methyl red with an increase in AOT concentration. On comparing the absorbance versus concentration graph for different R parameters, we observed that absorbance increases with the increase in the R parameter. The binding constant and distribution constant were calculated using a non-linear regression procedure (NLREG). The experiment shows the effect of methanol, AOT and water concentration on methyl red."