Influences of three different vegetations (forests, teak plantation, and rubber plantation) on certain soil fertility parameters of Oxic Dystrustepts in the Western Ghats of southern India are compared. Soil samples collected from 10 different sites under each of the three vegetations in different seasons are analyzed. Soil sampling and physicochemical analyses were carried out as per standard methods. Significant variation was found in soil parameters over the plantations and forest in different seasons. Even though the rubber plantations received chemical fertilizers during two seasons, the average plant-available phosphorus alone exceeded in this soil than that in the forest soil. Specific influence of vegetations on fertility parameters in Oxic Dystrustepts could be traced.The influence of rubber plantations on soil fertility was more negative than that of teak plantations. Vegetational influence on soil fertility characteristics has applications in the development of sustainable agro-ecosystems in biodiversity-rich tropics.

y comes into play as they are subunit vaccines that can trigger mucosal immune responses, which is the first line of defense against pathogens (Bhatia and Dahiya 2015; Kurup and Thomas 2020). In order to create an edible vaccine, the gene of interest should be inserted into plant cells by genetic engineering techniques (Jan et al. 2016) as shown in the Fig. 1. DNA of the desired pathogen for antibody production is inserted into the chloroplast genome of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii through one of the four methods (plasmid of an agrobacterium, gene gun, electroporation, glass beads). When the microalgae is genetically modified to produce antigenic proteins, it can be orally consumed which will trigger T-helper cells and B-cells to generate antibodies against that particular pathogen (Criscuolo et al. 2019). Besides the chloroplast genome, the nuclear (Geng et al. 2003) and mitochondrial (Larosa and Remacle 2013) genomes are also utilized in foreign gene expression.The concept of utilizing transgenic plants for edible vaccines began in the late 20th century (Saxena and Rawat 2013). Plant-derived vaccines are economically effective, heat stable, and can be directly consumed (Streatfield et al. 2001). Despite the advantages, plant vaccines have some limitations because they need more time for large scale production, their growth is limited by environmental conditions, Binoy T. Thomas

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