Background Globally, Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the second most common cause of bacterial sexually transmitted diseases. The prominent predicament of this bacterium is its complications, non-susceptibility for many drugs, and aggravated transmission of other sexually transmitted infections. There is limited information about the prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and risk factors of N. gonorrhoeae in Tigrai, Ethiopia. Therefore, we aimed to determine the prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and risk factors of N. gonorrhoeae among patients attending non-profitable private clinics in Mekelle, Tigrai, Ethiopia. Methods A cross-sectional study among 229 patients was conducted from February to June 2018. The socio-demographic data and associated factors were gathered using structured questionnaire, and swabs were taken from urethra and cervix of males and females, respectively. Specimens were inoculated on standard bacteriological culture media and antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique following the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences Version 21. The level of significance at p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The overall prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae was 23 (10.04%). High prevalence rates of N. gonorrhoeae were observed in females, urban residents and married ones. N. gonorrhoeae had shown statistically significant association with HIV positive, previous history of STIs, shisha users, Khat ( Catha edulis ) users, condom non-users and having more than two sexual partners. All isolates showed resistance to penicillin followed by tetracycline 16 (69.6%) and ciprofloxacin 8 (34.8%). Four isolates (7.4%) exhibited resistance to azithromycin with no resistance to ceftriaxone. Twelve (52.2%) isolates showed multidrug resistance (MDR). Conclusions The prevalence of N. gonorrhoeae and drug resistance, including multidrug resistance, was high in the study. Multiple factors were associated with the acquisition of N. gonorrhoeae . Therefore, behavioral change and communication should be strengthened.

Cheka, Errorota, Shurkuta and Pulla are a cereal and vegetable based beverages and foods which are typically consumed in south western parts of Ethiopia particularly in Derashe and Konso. In this article the qualitative tests of alcohol, protein and carbohydrate have investigated for different types of Cheka. The result obtained for all tests is positive result confirming the presence of alcohol, protein and carbohydrate in different types of Cheka. In addition to this quantitative analysis of nitrogen content, acidity and alcoholic content of traditionally prepared fresh and matured Cheka have determined using different methods including distillation with specific gravity methods for alcoholic content determination and CHNS elemental analyzer for protein content determination. CHNS elemental analyzer (also known as a carbon hydrogen nitrogen and sulphur analyzer) is a scientific instrument which is used to measure carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulphur elemental concentrations in a given samples with accuracy and precision. The level of alcoholic content as well as level of acidity increases with the prolonged time of storage while specific gravity have shown to decrease with time of storage. Moreover, it has found that the level of protein is higher in Shurkuta and Pulla than that of Cheka and Errorota. To have all sorts of benefit from all types of Cheka it is better to consume it in its fresh stage. Finally the experimental results of the research have presented in tabular form.

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