Inhaled corticosteroids are increasingly recommended at all stages of asthma in all age groups as a first-line treatment for controlling symptoms and minimizing oral corticosteroid dependence in chronic asthma owing to their anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive effects. Despite the fact that they are highly effective, their use can be accompanied by systemic and local adverse effects. Systemic adverse effects are infrequent, but oral candidiasis, the most common oral fungal infection, is a frequently observed local adverse effect of inhaled corticosteroid use. This adverse effect may lead to discomfort and cause reduced patient compliance. In this review, clinical findings of oral candidiasis, potential pathogenity mechanisms following such therapy along with the specific prophylactic measures that should be undertaken to minimize this adverse effect are discussed extensively. Understanding the factors leading to increased risk can give the opportunity of focusing on the patients who need timely intervention.

Aim: Candida species, although being a member of the oral flora, may exhibit pathological features under certain conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution and biofilm production of Candida species that were isolated from denture related stomatitis (DRS) patients and to compare with healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: The 56 non-smoker, systemically healthy, maxillary removable denture wearer subjects included in this study and diagnosed as DRS(N=27) and healthy(N=29). Samples from the palatal mucosal surface of patients were collected by sterile swabs during 20 seconds. Cultivation and selective isolation of Candida species were performed on CHROMagar (CHROMagar ® Candida, CHROMagar, Paris, France) at 37ºC for 2 days. Isolated Candida species were identified with API ID 32 C (bioMérieux ® , France). Biofilm formation by Candida species were determined by a visual tube method. Results: The prevalence of the yeasts in the healthy group was found to be 37.94%, while in the DRS group it was 100% (p<0.001). The isolation rate of C. albicans in patients with DRS significantly higher (p<0.001). Biofilm formation was observed in a total of 37 oral yeast isolates, 9 isolates from healthy denture wearers and 28 isolates from DRS patients. The number of C. albicans and C. glabrata isolates showing biofilm formation ability in the DRS group was significantly higher than the healthy group (p<0.05). Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, our results suggest that Candida species play a major role on the development of DRS. While C. albicans was the most isolated species in DRS, C. glabrata was as important as C. albicans on the pathogenesis of DRS.

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Öz Amaç: Dental radyografilerin yaş tayininde güvenle kullanılabileceği yapılan çalışmalarla ortaya konmuş olup üç boyutlu görüntüleme yöntemlerinin son yıllardaki gelişimi ile bu alanda pek çok yeni çalışma yapılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmalarda, çenelerin sağ ve sol kadranları arasında belirgin simetri olduğu öne sürülmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı; mandibular premolar dişlerdeki yapısal değişikliklerin konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi (KIBT) görüntülerinde farklı radyolojik yaş tayini yöntemleri ile değerlendirilerek sağ ve sol kadranlar arasında farklılık olup olmadığının araştırılmasıdır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Mandibular sağ ve sol 1. ve 2. premolar dişlerin mevcut olduğu yüksek diagnostik kaliteye sahip 50 adet KIBT görüntüsünde; mandibular premolar dişlerin tümünde yapısal değişiklikler görsel olarak (modifiye Gustafson metodu), lineer ölçümlerle (Kvaal yöntemi) ve hacim ölçümleriyle (pulpa/ diş hacim oranı yöntemi) değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler istatistiksel olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular: Yapılan tüm değerlendirmelerde, premolar dişlerin her biri için oluşturulan regresyon modelleri istatistiksel olarak anlamlı (p<0,001) bulunmuştur. Modifiye Gustafson metodu kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen görsel değerlendirmelerde 45 (R=0,734) ve 44 (R=0,707) no'lu dişlerin, Kvaal yöntemi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen lineer ölçümlerde 35 (R=0,385) ve 44 (R=0,375) no'lu dişlerin, pulpa/diş hacim oranı yöntemi kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen değerlendirmelerde ise 35 (R=0,461) ve 34 (R=0,420) no'lu dişlerin yaş ile daha yüksek korelasyon gösterdikleri sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Sonuç: Yaş tayini konusunda daha önce yapılan ve sağ-sol kadranlar arasında farklılık olmadığını öne süren çalışmaların aksine, çalışmamızda sağ-sol kadranlar arasında farklılık olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Anahtar kelimeler: konik ışınlı bilgisayarlı tomografi, yaş tayini, maksilla, mandibula, diş kadranı 82 Gümrü & İdman

Drug induced gingival overgrowth (DIGO) is a frequent adverse effect of systemic medications. Amlodipine, although accepted as a safe antihypertensive drug due to its longer duration of action with lower dose and fewer adverse reactions compared to other antihypertensive agents, is among the causative drugs. As the aetiology of hypertension is multifactorial, a fixed dose combination containing amlodipine and other antihypertensive agents is currently preferred by physicians as a new treatment approach. The aim of this article is to report two cases of perindopril arginine, indapamide, and amlodipine fixed dose combination induced gingival overgrowth with an emphasis on the specific clinical presentation. Intraoral examination revealed poor oral hygiene, excessive dental plaque accumulation, and erythematous, oedematous, lobulated, enlarged marginal and interdental gingivae prone to bleeding. It was noteworthy that a red band appearance was present on the enlarged labial marginal gingivae in the patients. One month after the drug substitution, proper oral hygiene education and plaque control, and non-surgical periodontal treatment, a marked regression in DIGO and accompanying inflammatory symptoms were observed. Medical and dental practitioners should be aware that antihypertensive drugs used alone or in combination with other agents have the potential to cause gingival overgrowth.