No abstract

The present study was conducted to determine phenologic and morphogenetic variation of hypericin, chlorogenic acid and flavonoids, as rutin, hyperoside, apigenin-7-O-glucoside, quercitrin, quercetin content of Hypericum perforatum L. growing in Turkey. Wild growing plants were harvested at vegetative, floral budding, full flowering, fresh fruiting and mature fruiting stages and dissected into stem, leaf and reproductive tissues and assayed for bioactive compounds by the High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Hypericin concentration ranged between 0 and 2.73 mg/g DW, chlorogenic acid 0.00-3.64 mg/g DW, rutin 0.00-3.36 mg/g DW, hyperoside 0.04-22.42 mg/g DW, quercitrin 0.03-3.45 mg/g DW and quercetin 0.04-1.02 mg/g DW depending on ontogenetic and morphogenetic sampling. Leaves were found to be superior to stems and reproductive parts with regard to phenolic accumulation for all compounds tested while flowers accumulated the highest levels of hypericin. Quercitrin, quercetin and hypericin content in all tissues increased with advancing of developmental stages and reached their highest level during flower ontogenesis. Similarly, chlorogenic acid, hyperoside and apigenin-7-O-glucoside content in different plant parts increased during plant development, however, the highest level was observed at different stages of plant phenology for each tissue. Chlorogenic acid was not detected in stems, leaves and reproductive parts in several stages of plant phenology and its variation during plant growth showed inconsistent manner. In contrast to the other compounds examined, rutin content of stems and leaves decreased with advancing of plant development and the highest level for both tissues was observed at the vegetative stage. However, content of the same compound in reproductive parts was the highest at mature fruiting. The present findings might be useful to obtain increased concentration of these natural compounds.

Plant density for poppy (Papaver Somniferum L.) and impacts of genotype and nitrogen fertilizer dose applications on total ash, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu contents on poppy leaves, capsule yield, seed yield and morphine ratio were investigated. Two plant density (SD 1 : 25 plants per m 2 , SD 2 : 16 plants per m 2 ), four poppy genotypes (Zaferyolu, Tınaztepe, Ofis 3 and Local line) and four nitrogen fertilizer dose (0, 6, 12 and 18 kg da -1 ) were used. Experiments were conducted in randomized complete block, split-split plots design with 3 replications for 2 years (2009/10 and 2010/11). While the effect of plant density x nitrogen dose x genotype interaction was statistically significant in terms of the total ash (p<0.01), mineral elements of poppy leaves, capsule yield and seed yield, it was not significant for morphine ratio. The highest capsule yield and seed yield (134.30 kg da -1 and 161.11 kg da -1 ) were obtained in 12 kg da -1 N treatment of local line genotype at SD 1 plant density and the lowest capsule yield and seed yield (67.22 kg da -1 and 76.53 kg da -1 ) were observed in the without nitrogen of Tınaztepe genotype at SD 2 plant density, respectively. Morphine ratios were determined as 0.445%, 0.508%, 0.570% and 0.597% according to N doses (0, 6, 12 ve 18 kg da -1 ), respectively. With regard to plant density, SD 1 (25 plants per m 2 ) was prominent for majority of investigated parameters. As compared to other genotypes, Ofis 3 genotype can be recommended 12 kg da -1 N treatment in terms of mineral nutrient contents of poppy leaves and morphine ratio at SD 1 plant density.