Attentional, intentional, and motivational factors are known to influence the physiological responses in a Concealed Information Test (CIT). Although concealing information is essentially a social action closely related to motivation, CIT studies typically rely on testing participants in an environment lacking of social stimuli: subjects interact with a computer while sitting alone in an experimental room. To address this gap, we examined the influence of social stimuli on the physiological responses in a CIT. Seventy-one participants underwent a mock-crime experiment with a modified CIT. In a between-subjects design, subjects were either questioned acoustically by a pre-recorded male voice presented together with a virtual male experimenter’s uniform face or by a text field on the screen, which displayed the question devoid of face and voice. Electrodermal activity (EDA), respiration line length (RLL), phasic heart rate (pHR), and finger pulse waveform length (FPWL) were registered. The Psychopathic Personality Inventory – Revised (PPI-R) was administered in addition. The differential responses of RLL, pHR, and FPWL to probe vs. irrelevant items were greater in the condition with social stimuli than in the text condition; interestingly, the differential responses of EDA did not differ between conditions. No modulatory influence of the PPI-R sum or subscale scores was found. The results emphasize the relevance of social aspects in the process of concealing information and in its detection. Attentional demands as well as the participants’ motivation to avoid detection might be the important links between social stimuli and physiological responses in the CIT.
The Concealed Information Test (CIT) is a valid method to detect hidden knowledge by means of psychophysiological measures. Concealing information is always a social behavior; yet, the role of social aspects has barely been investigated in recent CIT research favoring standardized, computer-based experiments. Evaluative observation is known to influence social behavior as well as physiological measures; examining the impact of evaluative observation on physiological responding in a CIT is the aim of this study. Sixty-three students completed a mock-crime and then underwent a CIT. In a between-subjects manipulation, half of the participants were observed through a camera and were faced with the real-time video of the experimenter watching them while completing the CIT. The other half completed the CIT without observation and video. Electrodermal activity, respiration line length, phasic heart rate, and finger pulse waveform length were registered. A specific questionnaire captured the individual fear of negative evaluation. Typical differential CIT responses occurred in both groups and with each measure. Contrary to expectations, differential CIT responses did not differ between groups. No modulatory influence of the fear questionnaire score on physiological responding was found. A ceiling effect, involving high attention and high motivation to avoid detection as well as high arousal in both groups due to the CIT procedure per se is discussed as explanation for these results, while the independence of the orienting reflex of social and motivational influence appears less likely in the light of previous literature.
Wachstumsbewegungen des Embryos sind gekennzeichnet von Phasen, in denen sich der Mensch ‚zusammenzieht' und solchen in denen er sich ‚ausdehnt'. Diese Bewegungsformen können mit dem Bedürfnis nach Autonomisierung bzw. Kontakt und Verbindung assoziiert werden, die auf psychologischer Ebene bis ins Erwachsenenalter reichen. Die Dynamik dieser Grundbewegungsimpulse kann in spontanmotorischen Bewegungen von Neugeborenen als Selbstorganisationsprozesse wieder erkannt werden, wenn die Kinder in Resonanz mit ihnen sind. Während Resonanz zwischen innerer und äußerer Dynamik zu positiven Übereinstimmungserfahrungen und einer gesunden Dynamik von Neugier und Integration sowie eines positiven Selbst-und Sozialbewusstseins führt, ruft Dissonanz eine gestörte sensomotorische Entwicklung und darauf aufbauenden affektiv-kognitiven Schemata hervor. Die ersten Bewegungen des Menschen sind Wachstumsbewegungen des Embryos während seiner Entwicklung im Mutterleib. Diese Bewegungen sind morphologischer Natur und sind gekennzeichnet von Phasen, in denen sich der Embryo ‚zusammenzieht' und solchen in denen er sich ‚ausstreckt'. Diese Dynamiken von Konzentration und Ausstrahlung können mit Erfahrungen von Autonomisierung bzw. Verselbständigung und Öffnung bzw. Kontakt und Verbindung assoziiert werden. Der Anatom und Embryologe Jaap VAN DER WAL (vgl. VAN DER WAL/GLÖCK-LER 2003) hat diese beiden Prinzipien in verschiedenen Stadien und auf verschiedenen Ebenen der embryonalen Entwicklung -von molekular über zellulär und organisch bis hin zu der für uns sichtbaren Ebene -aufgezeigt. Ein deutliches Beispiel ist in der vierten Woche während der Delamination zu beobachten, in welcher eine Krümmungs-oder Konzentrationsbewegung des gesamten embryonalen Körpers erfolgt: Das kräftige, schnelle Wachstum des Ektoderms wird von dem langsamen Wachstums des Entoderms ‚gebremst', so dass es sich krümmt. Dieser Kon-Brought to you by | University of British Columbia -UBC Authenticated Download Date | 7/7/15 11:42 AM
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