Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disorder that results in various complications including the brain abnormalities. Hyperventilation (HV) is a classic activation procedure during routine electroencephalography (EEG) recording that increases the yield of electrical activity generated in the cerebral cortex. Objectives: To investigate the electroencephalographic (EEG) changes in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients during hyperventilation (HV) and post-HV. Methods: The 16-channel EEG recording of 35 male patients with T2DM on oral hypoglycemic medication and 35 age-and sex-matched healthy subjects (controls) were done during and after hyperventilation for 3 minutes each. The quantitative EEG analysis was done using Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT). The EEG power spectra were subjected to log-transformation and compared using student's t-test. Results: The T2DM patients had diffuse increase in low-frequency slow waves at delta range (p <0.05) and high-frequency fast waves at beta range (p <0.05) as compared to the controls in EEG during HV. There was a prolonged existence of delta activity at few brain regions (p <0.05) and beta activity in some brain regions (p <0.05) in the EEG after cessation of HV during post-HV. Conclusion: The increased yield of EEG activity at delta and beta ranges in T2DM patients during HV and the prolonged existence of these responses after cessation of HV are suggestive of central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities in T2DM patients. Copy Right, IJAR, 2017. All rights reserved. …………………………………………………………………………………………………….... Introduction:-Diabetes mellitus (DM) remains most common metabolic disorder, with an estimated 415 million adults affected by diabetes worldwide (1). A complex interaction of direct and indirect metabolic consequences of insulin deficiency and additional genetic and environmental factors result in chronic complications affecting nephrons, blood vessels, retina, and neurons (2).Several studies have reported the manifestations of cerebral disorders in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) at neurochemical, electrophysiological, structural, and neurobehavioral levels (3,8,9). The alterations in cerebral

The breath holding time (BHT) is under voluntary control to a considerable extentand is dependent on various factors. Pain interrupts ongoing mental processes andmental task stimulates the respiratory complex as a part of generalised central nervoussystem arousal. We hypothesised that the concurrent cold-induced pain and mentaltask may change BHT. In this study BHT with concurrent mental task (MT) or coldinducedpain (CPT) was assessed in healthy individuals (n=25). The objective was toinvestigate the effect of CPT and MT on BHT. Initially basal BHT was recorded thenthe BHT was recorded during MT and CPT. The data were analysed by Friedmantest. The results showed no significant effect of MT and CPT on BHT. However, BHTshowed an increasing trend with CPT and MT. It is concluded that cold pressor painand mental task do not have vital influence on breath holding time.Key Words: breath holding time, cold pressor test, pain, mental task.