Background The occurrence of emerging pollutants like pharmaceuticals and related compounds in the aquatic and terrestrial environments is of increasing concern. Ciprofloxacin is one of the pharmaceuticals which is active against a wide range of bacteria. The main objective of this research is to develop a simple method for the extraction and determination of ciprofloxacin residues in environmental water samples. Results A salting-out assisted liquid–liquid extraction (SALLE) method for the determination of ciprofloxacin in water samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC–DAD) was developed. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.1–100 μg/L with coefficient of determination (r 2 ) of 0.9976. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of the method were 0.075 and 0.25 µg/L, respectively. The reproducibility in terms of relative standard deviation (% RSD) was less than 10%. The applicability of the developed method was investigated by analyzing tap water, bottled mineral water and waste water and demonstrated satisfactory recoveries in the ranges of 86.4–120%. Conclusion The method offered a number of features including wide linear range, good recovery, short analysis time, simple operation process and environmental friendly. The developed method can be utilized as an attractive alternative for the determination of ciprofloxacin residues in environmental water matrices.

Abstract:Background: Tuberculosis and HIV have been closely linked since the emergence of AIDS. The aim of this study is to assess magnitude of Tuberculosis and its associated factors among HIV patients at Felege Hiwot Referral Hospital in Bahir Dar city. Methods: Institutional based Cross-sectional study was conducted in September 2012 in Bahir Dar city. Systematic sampling technique was employed to collect the data; both primary and secondary data were collected by interviewing HIV cases and reviewing their cards. The data were analyzed in bivariate and multivariate analysis using SPSS version 20. Result: The study was conducted among a total of 385 HIV cases. The prevalence of Tuberculosis was 10.1%. This study declared that body mass index (BMI), CD4 count and functional status were significant predictors of tuberculosis (TB). Besides, HIV cases whose BMI less than 18.5 were more than five times more likely to develop TB compared to those with BMI greater than 24.5 (AOR= 5.24, 95%CI:1.01-27.13), individual HIV cases whose CD4 count less than 200 were more than seven times likely to develop Tuberculosis compared to those whose CD4 count greater than 500 (AOR= 7.33, 95%CI:1.57-34.28), besides, the study explored that respondents who were bed redden and ambulatory were more than eight and six times more likely to develop Tuberculosis compared to those respondents who were able to work respectively (AOR=8.61, 95%CI: 1. . Conclusion: This study showed that magnitude of TB among HIV cases was 10.1%. HIV patients, whose BMI less than 18.5, CD4 count <200/µL, ambulatory and bedridden patients should be closely supervised by increasing patient round frequency and providing special nutritious food. TB/HIV co-infected patients should get all services in TB clinic. The Hospital should provide fast triaging systems for coughing patients and reducing their waiting time for services.

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