Sediment cores conta~ning different dens~ties of Tubifex tublfex ranging from 0 to 70000 ind m-' were incubated in the laboratory Rates of O2 and N O , uptake NH,' production n~tr~fication and denitnfication were determined from sediment-water fluxes Pore water NH,+was measured at the end of the expenment At natural densities -50000 ind m ', there were increased rates of O2 consumption (x2), denitnfication of water phase NO; (x3) and NH,' efflux (x26) Nitrification was stimulated at low worm densities, but inhibited at higher worm densities The transport of reduced compounds and organic matter, with the fecal pellets, to the sediment surface stimulated anoxic cond~tions in the inhabited microcosms These anoxlc cond~tions led to increased rates of denitnfication and were responsible for the decrease in nitnfication at h~g h e r worm densities Approximately 25% of the NO? produced by nitnfication within the sedlment was subsequently den~trlfied Denitnfication was responslble for 25% of the NO, disappearance from the system The h~g h e r rates of denitrification were counterbalanced by higher rates of NH,' flux from the sediment It is likely however that the presence of T tubifex resulted in a net loss of nitrogen that could otherwise have been used by the primary producers KEY WORDS Bioturbation . Nitrification Denitnfication S e d~m e n t s

Direct measurements of dinitrogen efflux from continental shelf sediments ~ndicated that denltnflcation (mean 3.2 mm01 N m-2 d-l) was very important ~n nitrogen cycling. Most dinitrogen came from sediment-nitrate. All ammonium produced in these sediments was probably nitrified and then denitrified. In a closed incubation, the linear production of dinitrogen, a s oxygen decreased, was unexpected as was the low rat10 of oxygen consumption to denitrification (3.6:l). Sin~ulation modelling suggests the following explanation: Most carbon IS oxidised anoxically, but mtrogen (ammonium) diffuses to the oxygen zone relatively deep in the sediment, where hlgh rates of coupled nltrif~cat~on-denitrification result. As oxygen decreases, the zones of nltrification and denitrification move upward. The nitrate initially present In the enclosed overlying water decreases, but due to the decreasing diffusional path to the zone of denitrification, ~t s rate of denitrification remains constant. The concentration of n~trate from sediment nitrification increases in the overlylng water, but due to the decreasing rates of sediment nitrification, its rate of denitrlficatlon is also constant.To construct a model which simulates a particular sediment, a variety of factors must be known: quantity of degradable organic matter, its C/N ratio, its distribution in the sediment and the extent to which the reduced products of anoxic respiration are free to diffuse (Blackburn & Blackburn 1993a, b. c, Blackburn et al. 1994). In addition, the rate constants for the oxidation of carbon by 02, NOs-and SO4'-, and for the oxidation of NH4+ and SH-must be known. The values of the variables, outlined in the legend to Fig. 1, gave quite a close representation of the data for a continental shelf sediment (Devol 1991). Dinitrogen was produced at a Linear rate (Fig. 1A). The total denitrification rate of -3.7 mm01 N m-' d-' was similar to that reported (mean 3.2 mm01 N n1r2 d-l). In the simulation (Fig. lB), -'E-mall: henry@pop.bio aau.dk there was a slight increase in No3-concentration, compared to the actual slight decrease (mean 1.3 mm01 m-2 d -l ) . Fine tuning of the nitrification and denitrification rates would correct this difference. During the time of N2 linear production (2 d), there was a fall in oxygen concentration from 200 to 20 FM. The initial rate of oxygen uptake was 11.9 mm01 m-' d-', very close to the reported value (11.4 mm01 m-2 d-l). As O2 decreased, accumulation of NH,' increased, due to the sediment becoming less oxidised (Fig. 1C). The model predicted a time-dependent decrease in the rate of nitrification from -4.5 mmol N m-' d-', but denitrification (Ds) of sediment-NO3-(N03s) was relatively constant at -3 mmol N m-' d-' (Fig. ID). Denitrification (Dw) of NO3-originally in the water (N03w), was also relatively constant at -1 mm01 N mY2 d-l, even though N03w decreased from 30 to < l 0 FM.The movement of the zone of denitrification closer to the sediment surface, as the depth of 0, penetration decreased with time ( Fig. 2), ...