About 15% of long-term mechanically ventilated patients who are removed from mechanical ventilation and extubated require reintubation within 48-72 hours after extubation. The reasons for reintubation can be divided in two groups: reintubation because of either upper airway obstruction or respiratory distress. Some authors have associated reintubation with a higher incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia and a higher mortality. Studies that have analyzed mortality observed different outcomes depending upon relation with the reason for reintubation. Reintubation because of upper airway obstruction has a similar mortality of succesfully extubated patients, whereas reintubation because of respiratory distress has a mortality rate similar to nonextubated patients. These observations suggest that the principal factor associated with higher mortality associated to reintubation is the clinical condition that requires reintubation and not reintubation itself. At this moment, we only can predict the need for reintubation in unplanned extubations because there is no significant difference between scheduled extubation patients who require reintubation and those who do not require reintubation. Possible factors associated with risk of reintubation include left ventricular failure with resumption of spontaneous breathing, excessive sedation, or respiratory infection. The early management of respiratory distress postextubation may be an attractive time for noninvasive ventilation. Clin Pulm Med 2003;10(4):226-230
Sepsis is a highly lethal syndrome with heterogeneous clinical manifestation that can be hard to identify and treat. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment are critical to reduce mortality and promote survival in suspected cases and improve the outcomes. Several screening prediction systems have been proposed for evaluating the early detection of patient deterioration, but the efficacy is still limited at individual level. The increasing amount and the versatility of healthcare data suggest implementing machine learning techniques to develop models for predicting sepsis. This work presents an experimental study of some machine-learning-based models for sepsis prediction considering vital signs, laboratory test results, and demographics using Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care III (MIMIC-III) (v1.4), a publicly available dataset. The experimental results demonstrate an overall higher performance of machine learning models over the commonly used Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) and Quick SOFA (qSOFA) scoring systems at the time of sepsis onset.
Objetivo: el objetivo del estudio fue determinar los costos directos de tratar a los pacientes mecánicamente ventilados que desarrollan un episodio de neumonía asociada al ventilador desde la perspectiva del hospital.
Diseño: entre junio 1° de 2011 y junio 1° de 2012, 90 pacientes en ventilación mecánica por más de 48 horas en tres unidades de cuidados intensivos medicoquirúrgicas fueron evaluados para la presencia de neumonía asociada al ventilador.
Se determinaron los costos de estancia en la unidad, antibióticos, estudios imagenológicos y microbiológicos. Se determinó el costo total en ventilación mecánica con neumonía asociada al ventilador y sin neumonía. Se estableció el costo incremental de un episodio de neumonía. Los costos se tasaron en pesos colombianos del año 2011 y se convirtieron a dólares 2012.
Resultados: 90 pacientes, 33 pacientes tuvieron neumonía asociada al ventilador. El costo promedio por paciente en ventilación mecánica fue 7950 dólares. El costo promedio por paciente en ventilación mecánica con neumonía asociada al ventilador fue 21 217 dólares. El costo incremental fue 14 328 dólares (p<0.001).
La fuente de los costos fue 69% en estancia, 21% en el tratamiento antibiótico, 6% en estudios de laboratorio e imagenológicos, y 1% en estudios microbiológicos.
En el análisis multivariado por regresión lineal múltiple la presencia de neumonía asociada al ventilador se asoció significativamente con los costos totales (p=0.0001).
Conclusiones: la neumonía asociada al ventilador incrementó los costos totales. Los pacientes conneumonía asociada al ventilador tuvieron un costo adicional de 14 328 dólares..
Background: Anemic syndrome is a frequent problem in intensive care units. The most probable etiology is the suppression of the erythropoietin response due to the direct effects of cytokines, as well as frequent blood sampling.
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