Spatial and temporal changes of coastal vegetation since the 1950s along the southern Iberian Peninsula coast (Andalusia, Spain), have been analysed. Three examples have been selected: one on the Atlantic coast (Punta Umbria, Huelva) and two in the Mediterranean: Marbella (Malaga) and Punta Entinas-Sabinar (Almeria). The three areas are currently included in the Andalusian Network of Protected Natural Areas (RENPA). Aerial photographs dated in the years 1956-57 have been used and compared with the most recent (2013) using photointerpretation techniques and GIS (geographic information system) software. Observations have been completed with phytosociological data and historical cartography (forest and vegetation maps) that allowed us to analyse and identify the different communities and their transformation over 60 years. The results show the changes and impacts linked to the anthropic actions in this territory. In recent decades, the reforestation and expansion of urbanized areas are the main cause of coastal ecosystem alteration, especially affecting the Marbella coast that has had its dune system considerably reduced.Cambios espacio-temporales (1956-2013) de ecosistemas costeros en el sur de la Península Ibérica (España)Resumen. Se analizan los cambios espaciales y temporales de la vegetación costera del sur de la Península Ibérica (Andalucía, España) en las últimas décadas. Se han seleccionado tres ejemplos: uno en la costa atlántica. (Punta Umbría, Huelva) y dos en la mediterránea: Cabopino, Marbella (Málaga) y Punta Entinas-Sabinar (Almería). Actualmente, una parte de estos territorios está incluida en la Red de Espacios Protegidos de Andalucía (RENPA). Se han utilizado fotografías aéreas de los años 1956-57 y comparado con las más recientes (2013), usando técnicas de fotointerpretación y GIS (sistema de información geográfica). Las observaciones se han completado con datos fitosociológicos y cartografía histórica (mapas de bosques y vegetación) que nos ha permitido analizar e identificar las diferentes comunidades y su transformación en los últimos 60 años. Los resultados muestran la variación experimentada en estas zonas y los diferentes impactos vinculados a las acciones antrópicas en el territorio. En las últimas décadas la reforestación y expansión de áreas urbanizadas han sido la causa principal de alteración de los ecosistemas costeros, que han afectado especialmente a la costa de Marbella que ha perdido de forma considerable el sistema dunar. Palabras clave: Vegetación costera; transformación del paisaje; fotografía aérea; Cuenca.
The relative concentration and distribution of nickel (Ni) in vegetative tissues (leaves, stems and trichomes) and reproductive organs (seeds) was studied using energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDXS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in two previously studied Ni-hyperaccumulator subspecies of Alyssum serpyllifolium Desf. growing naturally in ultramafic soils of the Iberian Peninsula: A. serpyllifolium ssp. lusitanicum Dudley & P. Silva and A. serpyllifolium ssp. malacitanum Rivas Goday ex G. Ló pez. Both taxa showed that Ni accumulates preferentially in the leaves, exhibiting a homogeneous distribution on both epidermis surfaces. The highest Ni concentrations were found inside the epidermal cells and at the base of trichome stalks. Ni accumulation in seeds was lower than in the vegetative organs. The location of Ni in these plants allows us to postulate that its accumulation is a protection mechanism against external stress.
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