The results confirm decreased mortality from advanced colorectal cancer in the era of modern combination chemotherapy in younger and older patients. Younger age, non-right-sided tumors, and absence of signet ring histology significantly associate with better survival.

SUMMARY Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML) is a genetically heterogeneous hematologic neoplasm that manifests with features of both a myelodysplastic syndrome and a myeloproliferative neoplasm. Recent advances in the characterization of recurrent genetic markers have resulted in a better understanding of the leukemia-initiating events and have distinguished CMML from other clonal hematopoietic malignancies. Although these mutations may lead to CMML-specific therapies in the relatively near future, the current state of therapy for CMML is based on treatments designed for the myelodysplastic syndromes. Here we review the recurrent genetic mutations and, if known, their clinical significance. We also review the treatment and available CMML-specific prognostic models and novel therapies moving forward.

Introduction: An increase in the extent of functional cortical activation in MS patients versus controls during performance of specific tasks has been reported and interpreted as cortical reorganization/adaptation(1, 2). The mechanism of this reorganization mechanism is largely unknown. Also, impaired motor performance in MS has been reported to be associated with increased GABA level ([GABA]) in sensorimotor cortex, suggesting a role of GABA in MS disease process(3). On the basis of these observations, we examined the dependence of task specific fMRI activation on [GABA] levels in the functionally relevant cortices; we specifically addressed the sensorimotor and visual (occipital) cortices for this study. Our sensorimotor cortex (SMC) data as well as preliminary data from visual cortex (VC) suggest a direct correlation between fMRI activation volume and [GABA]. Methods: MR scans were performed using a 3 Tesla Siemens whole body Tim-Trio scanner (Erlangen, Germany). Nineteen healthy controls and 30 patients with MS participated in the sensorimotor cortex study. From these participants, datasets for 8 controls and 14 patients were discarded because of unacceptable subject motion(4, 5). GABA signal was below our measurement sensitivity or inconclusive in the SMC datasets for 1 control and 3 patients either due to measurement sensitivity limits or corrupted data. Data from the remaining 10 healthy controls and 13 MS patients were included in this study. Eight MS patients with optic neuritis were scanned in the VC study, of which dataset for 3 patients were discarded because of motion. GABA was measured with a MEGA-PRESS sequence(6) (TE=68 ms, TR=2700 ms, editing pulse frequency=1.90 ppm, 180 0 editing pulses were placed symmetrically about 1.70 ppm to minimize macromolecule contamination) implemented with motion identification(4, 5). MRUI software was used for spectroscopy data analysis(7), and absolute GABA level was measured after correcting for the gray matter (GM), white matter (WM) and CSF contribution, as well as for T1 and T2 relaxation as in Ref(8). In the SMC study the subjects performed self paced bilateral finger tapping (4.5 cycles, 32 s ON, 32 s OFF), and the number of activated pixels within the right primary motor cortex (M1) was determined (Student t > 3.5, 1-sided, uncorrected p < 3 × 10-4) within the Human Motor Area Template region of interest mask corresponding to M1. A 2×2×2 cm 3 voxel at the right motor cortex was selected for the spectroscopy scan from the area of maximum activation (using Siemens Neuro3D program) following the fMRI scan. In the VC study, the subjects watched a circular black and white radial checkerboard, which was split into four quadrants each flashing at a rate of 7.5 Hz (4 cycles, total duration ~6 min 30 s). The activation map corresponding to each quadrant was computed. The (activation) value

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