The International Health Regulations 2005 (IHR) is a legally binding framework which requires 196 WHO Member States to take actions to prevent, protect against, control and provide public health response to the international spread of disease. Improving IHR compliance provides grounds for better health system strengthening, which is key to moving countries closer towards Universal Health Coverage. Multisectoral, collaborative working within and across sectors is fundamental to improving IHR (2005) compliance, and for that, governance is the best lever of the health system. This paper highlights the importance of the relationship between governance and IHR in the context of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) which follow the fundamental principle of interdependence; SDGs interlink with one another. We consider governance (SDG 16) and how it influences the IHR capacity of SDG 3 (health and well-being for all at all ages). This paper considers the successes of the Myanmar Ministry of Health and Sports thus far in improving IHR compliance and highlights that an even greater focus on health system governance would lead to more sustainable outcomes. Nurturing an institutional culture with enforced rules, which are conducive for improved accountability through inclusive participation would further improve Myanmar IHR strengthening efforts. Without those principles of good governance, the developed IHR capacities cannot be sustained or owned by Myanmar people. This has now become even more urgent given the current COVID-19 pandemic.

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary supplementation of rice distiller dried grain (rDDG) on growth performance and digestibility of growing pigs. Fifteen growing pigs (30±1.3 kg) were assigned into 5 groups with 3 replicates, supplied with diet including different levels of rDDG 0% (rDDG-00), 5% (rDDG-5), 10% (rDDG-10), 15% (rDDG-15) and 20% (rDDG-20) respectively for 10 weeks. Free assess to water with nipples were provided for pigs. Weekly cumulative feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were estimated. Also, feed digestibility and feed cost per kg of feed and body weight were determined. The rDDG possessed a high crude protein (50.19%) and energy content (3005 Kcal/kg). Cumulative feed intake were not significantly different, however, body weight gain of pigs from rDDG-15 and rDDG-20 groups were significantly lower than the other groups at week-10. Lower cumulative feed conversion ratios (FCR) were observed in pigs from rDDG-05 and rDDG-10 in comparison with rDDG-00, rDDG-15 and rDDG-20 at week-8, 9 and 10. The digestibility of experimental feeds was not significantly different between groups. The feed cost was reduced about 30 MMK/kg feed for every 5% increasing of rDDG inclusion in diet. The lowest feed costs per kg BW were observed in rDDG-05 and rDDG-10 and followed by rDDG-15, rDDG-20 and rDDG-00. Thus, dietary supplementation of rice distiller dried grain (rDDG) up to 10% of diet improved growth performance and decreased feed cost per kg of body weight of growing pigs.

The study was carried out to evaluate the forage yields, nutritive values and in vitro fermentation parameters of herbaceous legumes. Five varieties of introduced herbaceous legumes; Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Ubon stylo, Macrotyloma axillare cv. Archer, Centrosema brasilianum cv. Ooloo, Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Stylo 184 and Macroptilum bracteatum cv. Cadarga were evaluated at the research farm, University of Veterinary Science, Yezin, Myanmar. No fertilizer and no irrigation were applied for cultivation to test drought resistance. Dry forage yield, nutritive values and gas production at four harvesting times were measured with 4×5 factorial arrangement (5 legumes and 4 harvesting time) in randomized complete block design. There was no interaction between legumes and harvesting time on forage yield, nutritive values and fermentation parameters but they were affected by the main effects of legume types and harvesting time. Among the legume forages, the highest dry forage yields were found in Ooloo, Ubon stylo, and Stylo 184, and followed by the DM yield of Archer and Cadarga. The DM yield of the second harvest was significantly higher (p<0.05) than those of the first, third and fourth harvest which were not significantly different from each other. As a chemical composition, the DM content of Archer was lower (p<0.05) than those of other varieties. Among the legumes forages, the lower CP content was found in Cadarga. The higher NDF was observed in Ooloo. Ooloo, Ubon stylo and Cadarga showed higher ADF in comparison with the other two varieties. Among the harvesting time, the lowest DM content was found at the first harvest. The highest CP content was found at third harvest. The NDF content was not significantly different. The lowest ADF content was found in fourth harvest. According to the dry forage yield, Ubon stylo and Ooloo had the highest dry forage yield and in term of nutritive values, Stylo 184 and Archer had higher nutritive values. As the main effect of forages, Stylo 184 and Archer had higher gas production in comparison with the other varieties. As the main effect of harvesting time, the fourth harvest had the highest gas production in comparison with other harvesting time. It could be better for cultivation by application of fertilizer and irrigation to get more forage yield and quality.