SUMMARYThe eggs of birds typically hatch after a fixed (but lineage-specific) cumulative number of heart beats since the initiation of incubation. Is the same true for non-avian reptiles, despite wide intraspecific variation in incubation period generated by variable nest temperatures? Non-invasive monitoring of embryo heart beat rates in one turtle species (Pelodiscus sinensis) and two lizards (Bassiana duperreyi and Takydromus septentrionalis) show that the total number of heart beats during embryogenesis is relatively constant over a wide range of warm incubation conditions. However, incubation at low temperatures increases the total number of heart beats required to complete embryogenesis, because the embryo spends much of its time at temperatures that require maintenance functions but that do not allow embryonic growth or differentiation. Thus, cool-incubated embryos allocate additional metabolic effort to maintenance costs. Under warm conditions, total number of heart beats thus predicts incubation period in non-avian reptiles as well as in birds (the total number of heart beats are also similar); however, under the colder nest conditions often experienced by non-avian reptiles, maintenance costs add significantly to total embryonic metabolic expenditure.

Effect of the fence height on the leakage flow characteristics of brush seals is investigated by means of experimental measurements and numerical simulations. The leakage flow rate of brush seal with three sizes of fence height is measured at six rotor surface velocities ranged from 0m/s to 62.8m/s among pressure differences 9.64kPa to 192.8kPa and the working fluid is air. The detailed leakage flow field of the experimental brush seals is numerically analyzed using threedimensional Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) and SST turbulence model based on the Non-Darcian porous medium. The accuracy of the numerical method is validated by comparison of experimental data. The obtained results show that the effective clearance of brush seal decreases with the fence height decreases at the fixed rotor surface velocity and pressure difference. The effective clearance of brush seal with three sizes fence height increases significantly with the increases of pressure differences at the fixed rotor surface velocity. The effective clearance of interference brush seals slightly decrease with the increasing rotor surface velocity due to the friction heat generation. Effect of the rotor surface velocity on the effective clearance of brush seal is limited when the bristles wear and friction heat generation is not considered. The detailed leakage flow field of the brush seal is also illustrated.

According to sand-body genetic types, single sand-body is divided into five types include the polytectonic river-channel superimposed type, branching-river channel type, single river-channel type, sheet sand type and lentoid sand type. The use of multi-factor analysis to determine the index weight of control-degree of water flooding, recovery percent, water content, injection-production ratio and pressure distribution in different types of single sand-body, calculate different types of comprehensive Index of single sand-body adaptability. And analyze injection-production system to the well pattern adaptability in different types of single sand-body.