Significant histopathologic differences were evident in patients with CRSwNP and CRSsNP. No single feature reliably differentiated between the 2 subtypes, underscoring the heterogeneity of CRS and limitation of this phenotypic classification system. Eosinophilic aggregates were associated with significantly worse disease, possibly signifying a unique subtype. Further studies are needed to understand the relationship of histopathologic features to disease outcome.

Objectives/Hypothesis The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of demographic factors, tumor stage, and treatment modalities for overall survival in patients with sinonasal mucosal melanoma (SNMM). Study Design Retrospective database review. Methods The National Cancer Database was queried for patients of all ages with SNMM between 2004 and 2015. Univariate Kaplan‐Meier and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association of suspected prognostic factors with overall survival. Results A total of 1,874 patients with SNMM were included in the analysis. The 5‐year overall survival was 24%. Prognostic factors associated with decreased survival include advanced age (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.02, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01‐1.03), T4 disease (HR: 1.44, 95% CI: 1.09‐1.89), and presence of distant metastases (HR: 3.22. 95% CI: 2.06‐5.04). Improved survival was associated with surgical resection only when margins were negative (HR: 0.44; 95% CI: 0.30‐0.65). In patients with metastatic disease, administration of immunotherapy (HR: 0.14; 95% CI: 0.04‐0.49) was associated with improved survival. Surgical approach, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy were nonsignificant predictors of survival. Conclusions This investigation is the largest to date to analyze the association of treatment modalities with overall survival in SNMM. Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment in patients with SNMM. However, administration of immunotherapy may confer survival benefit to patients with metastatic disease. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 130:275–282, 2020

Objective-1) To investigate whether children implanted in the first year of life show higher levels of speech perception than later-implanted children, when compared at the same ages, and 2) to investigate the time course of sensitive periods for developing speech perception skills. More specifically, to determine whether faster gains in speech perception are made by children implanted before 1-yr-old relative to those implanted at 2 or 3 years.Methods-A retrospective analysis was completed on 117 patients with congenital profound bilateral sensorineural hearing loss, with no additional identified disabilities, who were implanted in the first, second, or third year of life. The outcome measure consisted of developmental curves showing LNT word identification scores as a function of age.Results-Children implanted within the first year of life have a mean advantage of 8.2% LNT-easy word scores over those implanted in the second year (p<0.001) and a 16.8% advantage in LNT-easy word scores over those implanted in the third year of life (p<0.001). These advantages remained statistically significant after accounting for gender, residual hearing and bilateral cochlear implant use. When speech perception scores were expressed as a function of "hearing age" rather than chronological age, however, there were no significant differences among the three groups Conclusions-There is a clear advantage for earlier implanted children over later implanted children when compared at the same age, but not when compared at the same time after implantation with regards to speech perception. Thus, the sensitive period for developing word identification seems to extend at least until age 3.