Grasshoppers are highly destructive pests, and their outbreak can directly damage livestock development. Grasshopper outbreaks can be monitored and forecasted through dynamic analysis of their potential geographic distribution and main influencing factors. By integrating vegetation, edaphic, meteorological, topography, and other geospatial data, this study simulated the grasshopper suitability index in Hulunbuir grassland using maximum entropy species distribution modeling (Maxent). The Maxent model showed high accuracy, with the training area under the curve (AUC) value ranging from 0.897 to 0.973 and the testing AUC ranging from 0.853 to 0.971 for the past 13 years. The results showed that suitable areas, including the most suitable area and moderately suitable area, accounted for a small proportion and were mainly located in the eastern and southern parts of the study area. According to model analysis based on 51 environmental factors, not all factors played a significant role in the grasshopper cycle. Moreover, differences in environmental factors drive the spatial variability of suitable areas for grasshoppers. The monitoring and prediction of potential outbreak areas can be improved by identifying major environmental factors having large variability between suitable and unsuitable areas. Future trends in grasshopper suitability indices are likely to contradict past trends in most of the study area, with only approximately 33% of the study area continuing the past trend. The results are expected to guide future monitoring and prediction of grasshoppers in Hulunbuir grassland.

Grasshoppers mainly threaten natural grassland vegetation and crops. Therefore, it is of great significance to understand the relationship between environmental factors and grasshopper occurrence. This paper studies the spatial distribution and key factors of grasshopper occurrence in two grass types by integrating a machine learning model (Maxent) and remote sensing data within the major grasshopper occurrence areas of Inner Mongolia, China. The modelling results demonstrate that the typical steppe has larger suitable area and more proportion for grasshopper living than meadow steppe. The soil type, above biomass, altitude and temperature mainly determine the grasshopper occurrence in typical steppe and meadow steppe. However, the contribution of these factors in the two grass types is significantly different. In addition, related vegetation and meteorological factors affect the different growing stages of grasshoppers between the two grass types. This study clearly defines the different effects of key environmental factors (meteorology, vegetation, soil and topography) for grasshopper occurrence in typical steppe and meadow steppe. It also provides a methodology to guide early warning and precautions for grasshopper pest prevention. The findings of this study will be helpful for future management measures, to ensure grass ecological environment security and the sustainable development of grassland.