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Sambucus ebulus (SE) fruits are used for immune stimulation and amelioration of gastrointestinal inflammatory conditions. Currently, there is no scientific evidence of their effects on various aspects of the immune response mechanisms in humans. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the immunomodulatory potential of SE fruit infusion intake in healthy humans. Anthocyanin content was determined with UPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Fifty-three volunteers enrolled in a 4-week SE infusion intake intervention. Blood count, serum total protein, Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNFα), High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), C3, and C4 levels were measured on automatic analyzers, and Interleukin 8 (IL-8) was measured manually with an ELISA kit. Cyanidin-3-O-galactoside (48.15 mg/g DW), followed by cyaniding-3-sambubioside (43.41 ± 1.07 mg/g DW), were the most abundant anthocyanins in SE samples. A significant decrease in total protein (2.82%), IL-6 (20.15%), TNFα (5.38%), IL-8 (5.50%), C3 (4.16%), and C4 (14.29%) was established in the whole group. Total protein, IL-8, TNFα, and C4 decreased in women (3.11%, 4.76%, 5.09%, and 11.11%), and IL-6 decreased (40.61%) in men. Hb (1.20%) and hematocrit (1.55%) levels decreased in the whole group and in the women group (1.61% and 2.20%). SE fruits exert immune-modulatory activity as revealed by decreased pro-inflammatory status and complement activity markers in healthy volunteers after a 4-week intervention.

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Заболяванията на простатата, бенигнени или малигнени, са едни от най-често срещаните сред мъжката популация. Андрогените, основно тестостерон и дихидротестостерон (DHT), играят главна роля за нормалния растеж и пролиферация на простатната жлеза. Счита се, че нарушеният баланс между андроген-индуцираната клетъчна пролиферация и апоптоза е един от ключовите фактори за повишена клетъчна пролиферация, растеж и развитие на неопластични заболявания на простатната жлеза. Цел на нашето изследване е да се проучи литературата, касаеща особеностите в молекулните механизми на андрогенния метаболизъм при заболявания на простатата. Материал и методи: Проучена е литературата от последните 10 години чрез използване на онлайн бази данни Scopus, PubMed, Google scholar, Science direct. Използвани са следните ключови думи и фрази: prostate cancer, benign prostate hyperplasia, androgens, testosterone, DHEAs, androstenedione, SHBG, androgen metabolism. Резултати: Едни от най-често срещаните промени в метаболизма на андрогените при заболявания на простатата са повишеният интракринен биосинтез на андрогени в простатната жлеза, намаленото им локално инактивиране и полиморфизмите, свързани с андрогенния рецептор. Заключение: Разкриването на молекулните механизми, контролиращи метаболизма и регулацията на андрогените в простатни клетки и техните промени при заболявания на простатната жлеза, би допринесло за изясняване ролята ABSTRACT Introduction: Benign and malignant prostate diseases are among the most common in elderly men. Androgens, mainly testosterone and dihydrotestosterone (DHT), play an important role to maintain normal prostate growth and proliferation. It is considered that an imbalance between androgen-induced cell proliferation and apoptosis is one of the major factors for increased cell proliferation, growth and development of neoplastic prostate gland diseases.The aim of our study is to perform a literature search regarding the specifics of androgen metabolism in normal and cancerous prostate gland.Material and Methods: Scientific literature from the last 10 years has been studied using the online databases of Scopus, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science direct. The following key words and phrases were used: prostate cancer, benign prostate hyperplasia, androgens, testosterone, DHEAs, androstenedione, SHBG, androgen metabolism.Results: Some of the most common changes in androgen metabolism regarding prostate diseases are the increased intracrine prostate androgen biosynthesis, the reduced local inactivation and polymorphisms of the androgen receptor.Conclusion: Clarification of the molecular mechanisms controlling the androgen metabolism in prostate cells and their changes in prostate gland diseases would contribute to elucidate the role of these steroid hormones for the onset and progression of benign and malignant prostate diseases.