BackgroundBronchiolitis is the leading acute respiratory tract infection in infants during the winter season. Since the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, a reduction in the number of bronchiolitis diagnoses has been registered.ObjectiveThe present study aimed to describe the incidence and clinical features of bronchiolitis during the 2020–2021 winter season in a large cohort of children in Europe and Israel, and to clarify the role of SARS-CoV-2.Setting, patients, interventionsWe conducted a multicentre observational cross-sectional study in 23 paediatric emergency departments in Europe and Israel. Clinical and demographic data about all the cases of infants diagnosed with bronchiolitis from 1 October 2020 to 30 April 2021 were collected. For each enrolled patient, diagnostic tests, treatments and outcomes were reported.Main outcome measuresThe main outcome was the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2-positive bronchiolitis.ResultsThree hundred and fourteen infants received a diagnosis of bronchiolitis during the study period. Among 535 infants who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, 16 (3%) had bronchiolitis. Median age, male sex predominance, weight, history of prematurity and presence of comorbidities did not differ between the SARS-CoV-2-positive and SARS-CoV-2-negative groups. Rhinovirus was the most common involved pathogen, while respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) was detected in one case. SARS-CoV-2 bronchiolitis had a mild clinical course, with one patient receiving oxygen supplementation and none requiring paediatric or neonatal intensive care unit admission.ConclusionsDuring the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, a marked decrease in the number of bronchiolitis diagnoses and the disappearance of the RSV winter epidemic were observed. SARS-CoV-2-related bronchiolitis was rare and mostly displayed a mild clinical course.

Aims: We evaluated the impact of cystic fibrosis-related diabetes (CFRD) on lung disease and nutritional status.Study Design: The retrospective cohort study evaluated the subjects' medical records from 2004 to 2019. All participants older than 10 years diagnosed by a 30-minutely sampled OGTT formed OGTT-CFRD subgroup. The participants diagnosed with continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) (at least two peaks above 11.1 mmol/l and more than 10% of recorded time above 7.8 mmol/l) formed a CFRD-CGM subgroup. The participants without CFRD formed a non-CFRD group. The longitudinal follow-up was made 2 years before and 3 years after insulin therapy initiation.Results: Of 144 participants included, aged 10–55 years (44% males), 28 (19.4%) had CFRD. The HbA1c was significantly lower in the CGM-CFRD in comparison to the OGTT-CFRD subgroup (5.9 ± 0.62 and 7.3 ± 1.7% respectfully; p = 0.04). Subjects with CFRD were malnourished in comparison to non-CFRD, with significant improvements with insulin replacement therapy in regard to BMI Z-score (−1.4 ± 1.3 vs. −0.5 ± 1.2%, p = 0.04) and pulmonary exacerbation score (p = 0.02). In OGTT-CFRD subgroup there is an increase in FEV1 (62.7 ± 26.3 to 65.1 ± 21.7%, p = 0.7) and decrease in FVC (from 76.4 ± 24.2 to 71.2 ± 20%, p = 0.003) from diagnosis to second year of follow-up. In CGM-CFRD subgroup there was a decrease in FEV1 (from 58.2 ± 28.2 to 52.8 ± 25.9%, p = 0.2) and FVC-values (from 72.4 ± 26.5 to 67.4 ± 29.1%, p = 0.08).Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection was more prevalent in the CFRD group (p = 0.003).Conclusion: Continuous glucose monitoring is a useful tool for insight of glucose impairment and diagnosis of CFRD. Early recognition of CFRD and therapeutic intervention has favorable effects on clinical course of the disease.

Introduction: "Visual Snow" phenomenon represents visual disturbances, which consist of small, dynamic, flickering dots present in both eyes, in the entire visual field, like the interference of static electricity, so-called "snow" on the old, analog TVs. Symptoms occur constantly and can last for years. Objective parameters so that this phenomenon can be measured do not exist at the moment, so these people are often diagnosed simulation, psychiatric disorders or persistent migraine aura. Aim: To assess the prevalence of the "visual snow" phenomenon in patients with migraine without aura, migraine with aura, and for people who do not have migraines. Materials and Methods:This cross-sectional study included 150 subjects of both genders, ages 18 to 60 years. Subjects were classified into 3 groups. The first group consisted of 50 patients with migraine with aura (MA), the other 50 patients with migraine without aura (MO), and the third 50 healthy subjects (ZK). The research was conducted with the interview, respondents were given 6 photos with signs characteristic of "visual snow" syndrome. These groups were compared with each other by age, gender and the presence of visual symptoms characteristic of the "visual snow" syndrome. Results: The frequency of "visual snow" phenomenon did not differ significantly in compared groups (8% vs. 6% vs. 6%). Additional visual symptoms were significantly more frequent in groups MA and MO compared to the ZK, "visual snow" in the dark (38% vs.32% vs. 14%), the presence of spots in the visual field (48% vs. 24% vs. 2%), the presence of "blue field" entoptic phenomenon (20% vs. 10% vs. 4%), "after image" of steady (18% vs. 16% vs. 0%) and movable object (12% vs. 10% vs. 2%). Additional visual symptoms were significantly more common in people with migraine, especially MA, compared to healthy subjects (68% vs. 54% vs. 22%). Conclusion: "Visual snow" phenomenon occurs in about 7 % of people, equally often in those with migraine and without migraine. Other visual symptoms, such as "visual snow" in the dark, palinopsia and entoptic phenomena, occur more frequently in patients with migraine (with and without aura), compared to people without migraines. Further studies are needed to understand the connection between these phenomena in the pathophysiology of migraine.

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