This conceptual paper investigates organizational climates through multiple lenses to highlight the complex web of forces and dynamics that influences the varied perceptions and experiences of organizational climates in any organization. The multi-faceted nature of employee perceptions of organization climates presents complex problems in human resource management and organizational well-being. Using a literature review and institutional environment framework, diverse perspectives and discourse are drawn on how an array of intertwined factors such as context, technology and innovation, ownership, goals and objectives, corporate governance, organizational change and life-cycle, physical conditions, workplace hazards, environmental stressors, organizational process, communication and organization structure can influence and shape organizational climate and resultant group dynamics. Moreover, several empirical results confirm the role institutional environments play in the organizational climate ecosystem. Our finding reveals that organizations could have several layers and types of organizational climates dependent on intervening soft and hard factors. Therefore, studies relating to organizational climates should adopt a holistic and systematic approach to understand the multi-layered dynamics in their context.

This study investigates the global dynamics of the informal economy and the need for the coexistence of both the informal and formal economy. Developing and developed countries are beset with various forms of social and economic problems such as unemployment, poverty levels, informal jobs, and global issues. Informal Entrepreneurship remains a focal means to reduce unemployment and create jobs in many economies. Using the Institutional theory, the dynamics of informal economy and entrepreneurship were investigated using a qualitative approach and secondary data from the International Labour Organization and Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing datasets. The findings depict the need to ensure that both the informal and formal economy coexist well rather than merging them due to their interwoven nature. This calls for the adoption of a system and holistic perspective for studying facets of informal-formal entrepreneurship in different contexts Informal economy and informal entrepreneurship are essential for the reduction of global unemployment and development of innovation in the value chain in their contexts. Globally, informal economy and informal entrepreneurship provide safety nets, a source of livelihood, and pay informal levies that contribute to economic growth and development. The study shows how informal entrepreneurship contributes to the business environment. The contextual evidence from the literature justifies the necessity for informal entrepreneurship and the economy due to the interplay of imperfect market conditions, institutional voids, entrepreneurial behavior, and local business dynamics.