Monitoring and quantifying hydrological flows in the vadose zone is complicated to analyze due to the effects of rainfall in the tropics, the dynamic interactions among rains, the vegetation layer, moisture in the soil, and the entire regolith. Quantifying subsurface hydrological flows at specific scales and high resolution presents further difficulties. To overcome these issues, resistivity methods can play an important role. This paper examines the results of gravimetric moisture content monitoring in the Panamanian tropics through time-lapse electrical resistivity tomography analysis. Changes in the electrical properties of soil were quantified through six tomographic tests performed between February 2012 and March 2013 along with a profile. Significant changes in resistivity were identified between February (dry season) and May, and August and October (rainy season), with negative percentages (-60%) indicating the effects of rain infiltration at the surface and positive percentages (60%) linked to moisture absorption in the soil, electrode relocation for each test or inversion processes. Additional laboratory analyses of soil samples were carried out to obtain gravimetric moisture content tomograms. The changes of this parameter in the subsurface horizons, and the percentage differences in the calculated resistivity values, are helpful for determining the impact of rain on the soils.
Este trabajo presenta la obtención experimental de la curva de demanda de cloro del agua cruda afluente a la potabilizadora IDAAN Jaime Díaz Quintero en temporada lluviosa, a fin de entender y aplicar los procedimientos experimentales involucrados, interpretar el comportamiento observado de demanda de cloro en agua cruda y asociarlo a las especies químicas presentes en el agua cruda. Se evaluó el cloro residual libre, presente en doce muestras de agua cruda con diferentes concentraciones de solución madre de hipoclorito de calcio al 65% de pureza, mediante el método DPD-colorímetro. El punto de quiebre de cada curva se obtuvo mediante regresión lineal simple de los datos obtenidos. Los resultados muestran un punto de quiebre de 3 mg/L de dosis de cloro añadido. Desde el punto de quiebre, la curva de demanda de cloro tiene un comportamiento ascendente, que se atribuye posiblemente a la presencia en bajas concentraciones de nitrógeno orgánico detectadas en el historial de los últimos seis meses de datos de nitratos y nitritos. A través de este estudio se espera encontrar la curva de demanda de cloro promedio y obtener un indicador de la carga orgánica del agua cruda, pues a mayor desplazamiento del punto de quiebre, mayor carga orgánica.
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