This study examines the relationships between Foreign direct investment (FDI), Gross domestic product (GDP), Trade, Inflation, Labor force, Population density, Combustible renewables and waste consumption for the case of Central Asia, spanning the period 1990 to 2020. The combustible renewables and wastes consumption in Central Asia are based on the long run and short run relationship between economic development with the Error Correction Model (ECM) based Panel Cointegration tests and Panel Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) Granger causality test tried to explain using the causality test, spanning the period 1990 to 2020. An empirical analysis uses the Im, Pesaran, and Shin (CIPS) Panel Unit Root test and Westerlund ECM to test the basics of the data unit based on this information. The Panel Vector Autoregression (PVAR) specification was based on the results of the Lag-order selection criteria, and the stability of the PVAR model was checked through the observation of the Hausman test and Eigenvalue stability condition. It performs tests to verify the existence of the long run relationships among the variables and examines short and long run causal relationships. It finds that increased combustible renewables and waste consumption use is the main cause of increased economic growth.

This study examines the relationships between non-renewable and renewable energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions, economic growth, and population in Central Asian countries after the transition economics with the Panel Granger Causality, Panel Cointegration, and Panel non-stationarity tried to explain using the causality test, using 1992 to 2019 data from the World Development Indicators (WDI). The engagement of developing countries is an increasingly important part of addressing greenhouse gas (GHG) emission-driven climate change. As such, understanding the patterns of energy use, GHG emissions, and economic growth in developing countries is vital. Major Central Asian countries are important in this respect due to their size, rapid growth, and extensive energy reserves. It has experienced rapid growth in its economy, energy consumption, and GHG emissions in recent years. It performs tests to verify the existence of the longrun relationships among the variables and examines short and longrun causal relationships. It finds that increased fossil fuel use is the main cause of increased carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions.

The competitiveness of foreign direct investment (FDI) of mining sector and current economic situation, investment in the mining sector and competitiveness of the coal industry in Mongolia has been studied in this research work. Mongolia is one of 25 countries which has natural resources. There are about 30 types of natural resources, including gold, silver, copper, molybdenum, lead, tin, fluorspar, phosphorite, garnet and coal. Mongolia has about 173.3 million tons of hypothetical coal reserves, and more than 300 deposits in 15 basins has been discovered. From that 37.4 billion tons of coal reserves are estimated by geological specific exploration.

Air pollution of the countries of Central Asia has affected not only the health of the population since 1990 but also influenced the environment. This study has been made empirically analyzes the spatial autocorrelation analysis that is based on the 1991 to 2017 database of Central Asian countries on the socio-economic factors influencing the concentration of Sulfur Dioxide (SO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2), Ozone (O3), and Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in the air. Besides, this study validated Global Moran's I statistics to determine spatial positive autocorrelations. The results show that there is a strong correlation between air pollution concentrations and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. The achievement identified that the concentrations of SO2, CO, NO2, O3, and PM2.5 have a spatial aggregation and distribution effect, which is significantly influenced by the spatial characteristics and the Central Asian Regional Economic Unions. It also determined that an energy policy of a country can be affected the emissions of air pollutants from neighboring countries due to policy effects. Therefore, there is a need for regional coordination of environmental policies and the transfer of pollution-intensive industries, to keep air pollution in countries of Central Asia at a normal level. In addition to the empirical results of this study, the following two conclusions can be identified. First, it identified the need for a unified policy to reduce air pollution to reduce emissions from air pollution sources. Second, there is a need for a renewable energy policy for the development and promotion of renewable energy.

This empirical study examines the Toda and Yamamoto’s Granger causality test and the Johansen cointegration approach to find a long run causal relationship between energy consumption and economic growth for the period of 1971 to 2015 using a case study of Myanmar. The results show that there is a one-way causal relationship between economic growth and energy consumption in Myanmar. As a result, the government of Myanmar needs to take measures to save fuel and protect the environment by transferring energy from unsustainable sources to other sources. Additionally, Myanmar has a unidirectional causal relationship from energy consumption, gross domestic product growth, foreign direct investment, and population growth to renewable energy consumption in both the short and long run.