PDO sutures cause specific changes to the surrounding tissues that result in neo-collagenesis, a fibrous merging effect, fat reduction, tissue contracture, and an improved vascular environment. The results of this study explain the positive changes described in previous clinical research.

BACKGROUND During minimally invasive aesthetic procedures, the skin is often pinched to facilitate filler injection or thread insertion into the desired layer. However, little is known about changes in the facial layers during pinch manipulation. OBJECTIVE To determine which layer of the temple is lifted during pinching and whether the artery and the nerve are affected by pinching. MATERIALS AND METHODS At 11 sites on 3 fresh Korean cadavers, the skin of the temple was pinched gently or deeply, and the skin pulled up was cut at the bottom. The exposed areas were grossly and histologically examined. RESULTS With gentle pinching, the subcutaneous fat and superficial temporal fascia (STF) layer were separated, and the fat was removed with the skin. The superficial temporal artery and temporal branches of the facial nerve were intact. With deep pinching, the STF was separated from the deep temporal fascia and lifted with the skin. CONCLUSION When thread lifting is performed, deep pinching is helpful for anchoring thread to the temporal fascia, whereas gentle pinching helps to insert thread into the safe subcutaneous fat layer, where no significant blood vessels or nerves are present.

Background and Objectives The use of botulinum toxin in cosmetic procedures is widespread. While the side effects of the procedure and problems with resistance due to excessive use are being discussed, studies of clinical patterns of botulinum toxin use and side effects associated therewith are lacking. Materials and Methods In this study, clinical usage patterns for botulinum toxin were analyzed through a web-based, real-time survey conducted at the Korean Association for Laser Dermatology And Trichology Fall Academic Conference held in December 2018. A questionnaire was administered to assess different types and locations of side effects experienced and the frequencies thereof. Results The most common side effects that the clinicians reportedly encountered during botulinum toxin treatment were bruising and Mephisto sign from overcorrection. The most common site of side effects was the upper part of the face. Conclusion This study highlights the need to raise awareness of the importance of education on the anatomy of the upper part of the face, where side effects for cosmetic procedures with botulinum toxin are most common, to reduce the possibility thereof.

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