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GCBE has a potential anti-obesity effect with lowering body fat accumulation by regulating adipogenesis and lipid metabolism-related genes and proteins in WAT and liver.

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Nobiletin and tangeretin are polymethoxy flavonoids (PMFs), found in rich quantities in the peel of citrus fruits. In the present study, we assessed the biological effect of the PMFs on liver damage using a mouse model of binge drinking. First, we extracted PMFs from the peels of Citrus aurantium to make Citrus aurantium extract (CAE). Male C57BL/6 mice were orally treated with silymarin and CAE (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg) for 3 days prior to ethanol (5 g/kg, total of 3 doses) oral gavage. Liver injury was observed in the ethanol alone group, as evidenced by increases in serum hepatic enzymes and histopathologic alteration, as well as by hepatic oxidative status disruption. CAE improved serum marker and hepatic structure and restored oxidative status by enhancing antioxidant enzyme levels and by reducing lipid peroxidation levels. In addition, CAE evidently suppressed inflammation and apoptosis in the livers of mice administered with ethanol, by 85% (tumor necrosis factor-α) and 44% compared to the control group, respectively. Furthermore, CAE activated lipid metabolism related signals and enhanced phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) with several cytoprotective proteins including heme oxygenase-1, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1, and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase. Taken together, the present study demonstrated that, CAE possesses antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic activity against ethanol-induced liver injury.

In this study, we optimized fermentation conditions for the solid state fermentation of rice bran with Monascus pilosus KCCM60084, and the antioxidant activities were investigated. Optimal fermentation conditions were determined by the production of Monacolin K, a functional secondary metabolites with cholesterol lowering activity. The highest Monacolin K production were 2.88 mg/g observed on day 10 with 45% moisture content in the substrate when inoculated with 5% inoculum (w/w). Reducing power, iron chelating activity and ABTS + radical scavenging activity were significantly enhanced after fermentation by 60, 80, and 38% respectively. Furthermore, the content of total flavonoid were found to be increased by 4.58 fold. Based on these results, Monascus-fermented rice bran showed strong possibility to be used as a natural antioxidant agent due to its enhanced antioxidant activity.