In the present study, we show that Rex-1 mRNA and protein are found at high levels in both 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU)-resistant glioma cell subpopulations and malignant glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tissue. We used a combination therapy of small interfering RNA (siRNA) against Rex-1 (siRex-1) and BCNU to target GBM cells. Rex-1 siRNA/BCNU treatment resulted in growth inhibition and a diminished S phase. The treatment efficiently induced P38/JNK and Akt/PI3K/GSK3β signaling and led to apoptosis both in vitro and in vivo. We also show that Rex-1/ABCG2 (ATP binding cassette transporter G2)-coexpressing subpopulations were chemoresistant; however, BCNU was not a substrate for ABCG2. siRex-1 treatment led to cell death in GBM subpopulations by promoting apoptosis. Moreover, siRex-1/BCNU combination therapy targeted both the major population and cancer stem cell-like subpopulations. Our findings are important for the development of clinical applications to treat GBM.

Social manufacturing architecture is based on information delivery through social media and SNS, PLM and social platform, crowd source and knowledge base on whole phase of product life cycle. Although advanced social manufacturing issues are rising globally, its technology emerging into domestic industry is likely to be slow. We focused to review technological changes and R&D trend, patent issues, and then suggest assignments and advices to be practiced for social manufacturing modeling. †

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Recently, de-industrialization phenomenon has been intensified in global. It caused negative issues of manufacturing economy, so many countries are carrying out a policy to protect and promote their manufacture industry. Also in Korea, government is implementing a policy to promote their manufacture based technique and process. It was named "Ppuri industry".We studied how important Ppuri industry is in Korean manufacture economy and the relation of between the metal industry and Ppuri industry. Finally, we analyze the problem of korean promotion policy of Ppuri industry and suggest an alternative policy.