Revenue for ES is decreasing and is heavily reliant on noncategorical (discretionary) revenue. This study has important implications for continued reliance on ES as an organizing construct for public health.

Background and Evolving IssuesOver the last decade, the global rapid rise in the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) for individuals and communities has posed both promising opportunity and significant challenges for organizations engaged in crisis and disaster response. The 2009 Humanitarian Action Summit (HAS) convened a range of humanitarian stakeholders engaged in exploring the evolving role of ICT, particularly the application of mobile communications, satellite imagery, and mapping, to humanitarian crises and disaster response. The HAS working group (WG) is composed of experts versed in these technologies and their potential for operational field applications as well as humanitarian practitioners who have operational experience with a general understanding of ICT applications. In 2009, the WG broadly acknowledged several critical issues that directly addressed the utility, efficiency, and feasibility of implementing these new technologies in humanitarian field operations, including:

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