Achondroplasia is the most common of the heritable skeletal dysplasias. Cervico-medullary compression is a frequently encountered and potentially lethal neurological complication. Cervico-medullary decompression (CMD) at the foramen magnum is often employed to relieve the pressure on the emerging cervical cord. Given the inherent risks associated with major surgery, there has been a substantial debate regarding the best criteria for CMD. Our objectives for this study are to explore the quality of life of patients who had undergone CMD, and to assess whether surgery is associated with mortality and increased long-term morbidity. A Medical Outcome Study 36-item Short Form General Health Survey designed to evaluate eight general health concepts as well as achondroplasia-related issues, was administered to patients assessed in the neurosurgery department in Johns Hopkins Hospital between 1977 and 1998. One hundred and sixty-seven patients were eligible for inclusion. Forty-three could not be contacted, and two refused consent. One hundred and twenty-two patients were assessed. Fifty-six (46%) individuals had CMD and 66 (54%) did not. There was 1 case of mortality in the CMD group and 12 cases in the non-CMD group. In the non-CMD group, all deaths, as far as we know, were unrelated to cervico-medullary compression. In this cohort of surviving patients (n = 109), the quality of life of the 55 (50.5%) who had undergone CMD is comparable to that of the 54 (49.5%) who did not have surgery, controlled for age and sex. CMD is indicated for patients with achondroplasia with significant symptomatic foramen magnum compression. It can be life saving. It can abolish profound central apnea that may cause sudden death and alleviate neurological complications associated with damage of the significantly compressed spinal cord. With regards to long-term outcome evaluation, the quality of life of individuals with achondroplasia who had CMD is similar to those age- and sex-matched patients who did not have this surgery. Moreover, CMD, with all its inherent surgical risks, does not appear to be associated with higher mortality or increased long-term morbidity.

Although often localized at diagnosis, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has an established potential for distant metastasis. Breast metastasis from NPC is an uncommon presentation. In the present case study, the fifth reported case of breast metastasis from NPC is presented and the use of Epstein-Barr virus testing is demonstrated for the confirmation of this diagnosis. A 49-year-old female was diagnosed with advanced NPC and developed a unilateral breast mass. The biopsy was indicative of a primary breast carcinoma. Subsequent Epstein-Barr virus testing was positive in the primary tumor and the breast mass, establishing the true diagnosis of NPC metastasis to the breast. In summary, breast metastasis from NPC is an uncommon presentation and Epstein-Barr virus testing is suitable for confirmation of the diagnosis and exclusion of primary breast cancer.

Sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma can be associated with leptomeningeal carcinomatosis, which can lead to a fulminant clinical course.

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