This study described the principals' entrepreneurial competencies in increasing entrepreneurship knowledge for teachers, fostering and developing an entrepreneurial spirit for teachers and helping teachers to apply entrepreneurial spirit to the learning process. This research is a qualitative descriptive study. The subject of the study is the principal and teachers. The object of the principal's entrepreneurial competency research. The data in this study were in the form of observations, documentation, and interviews. Data analysis using interactive analysis of the Miles and Huberman model includes data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusions. The results in this study are knowledge about technology-based entrepreneurship for teachers as a professional educator carried out through entrepreneurship socialization, providing information about technological developments, and providing motivation to develop teacher potential. Teachers have the ability to apply the spirit of entrepreneurship in the learning process so that they are able to produce students who are superior competitiveness.

Using data collected from a representative sample of public primary schools in Togo, this article analyzes the phenomenon of school massification and in particular its effect on teachers' commitment. A questionnaire was administered to a sample of 129 teachers followed up with 65 interviews. Quantitative and qualitative analyzes were conducted, on the one hand, to test the validity and reliability of the measuring instrument used and, on the other hand, to test the hypotheses of this research. Regression in academic performance analyzes reveal a negative and strong relationship between the plethora of pupils in a class and teacher professional commitment. The results obtained therefore indicate more specifically negative influence of mass schooling on the professional commitment of primary school teachers.

Background: Few researches have been made in sub-Saharan Africa to evaluate psychosocial impact of child trafficking. The current study’s objective is to examine the psychological impact of child trafficking on children victims of traffic and their families.Methods: It is a cross-sectional study across the whole Togo territory over 24 children returned from trafficking and the members of their families. The clinical interview and the projective test (Patte Noire) were used to collect the data with well detailed case studies.Results: The traffic of children brought psychological disorders, depressive reaction and post-traumatic stress amongst most of the children’s who were rescued or taken out of the traffic. Members of the family developed depressive reactions and self-guilt symptoms. The lack of adequate structures for an adapted follow up of the children’s returning from the traffic has been noted. Conclusions: Our results confirm previous works realized in other sociocultural contexts and suggest that a better support of children’s in specialized centers by psychologists, social workers or other specialized personnel would be best. Future longitudinal studies on a greater sample, in sub-Saharan Africa to assess the long term consequences of child trafficking over the whole family would be justified.

This research verified the link between HIV status and sexual problems in young adults. Based on the results of our study following the administration of the self-assessment questionnaire on sexual problems (male and female), we came to the conclusion that HIV-positive status causes more sexual problems, particularly among young men. Despite the problems of vaginal dryness and painful coitus observed in HIV-positive young women, we can say that HIV-positive young women do not generally have sexual problems that interfere with sexual activity.

This study aims at verifying whether there is a relationship between the academic performance of primary school pupils and the socio-professional category of their parents on the one hand, and the formal educational level of the latter on the other hand. The method used to achieve this double objective combines quantitative and qualitative approaches. Thus, 561 primary elementary pupils from six schools in the Savannahs region participated in the quantitative survey by means of a questionnaire and 35 individual interviews were carried out with teachers and parents of pupils. The data collected was subjected to statistical processing using SPSS 20.0 software and content analysis. The results show that the parents' socio-professional category and school performance are related. Likewise, the best pupils’ performances, both in French and in Mathematics, are obtained by pupils whose parents have a higher level of education.