How successful has the practical implementation of new curricula been? Given the challenges, how can resource-constrained Ministries implement curriculum reform on the ground? While there have been few rigorously designed evaluations of system-wide competency-based curriculum reforms, the accumulation of evidence from a variety of sources suggests that most of these initiatives have been less than successful. While the likely reasons for the lack of success are many and varied, the research can be categorised into those related to pragmatic (often implementation) challenges and those that argue that the idea of competence-based educational reform is conceptually flawed. Major Curriculum evaluation effort Authors/Sponsors Overall judgment Major obstacles to success Review of competency-based reforms in five Francophone Countries Gauthier, 2013 CBE did not improve student learning outcomes Conceptual deficiencies amongst implementers Implementation of CBE reforms Esongo 2017 Yessoufou 2014 Komba & Mwandaji, 2015 etc.