Belgrade is the only capital in the world at the confluence of two major international rivers navigable for global shipment—the Danube and the Sava River. However, it was only after the unification of all riversides within Yugoslavia in 1918 that Belgrade started to develop its riverfront; initially, as green recreation areas during the socialist era. Since the post-socialist transition, this trajectory has sharply changed in order to create new urban nodes along the riverfront. The best example is the newest project of the urban renewal of waterfront development at the Sava River, the “Belgrade Waterfront Project.” This mega-project has sparked a lot of attention. The aim of this research is to present, evaluate, and spatially determine this attention before and after the project inauguration. This observational study is conducted by using two methods from social discourse: a survey, as a traditional method, and analysis based on social network data (Twitter) as a newer, “smarter” one. Comparing and mapping their results, this research offers recommendations on how to harmonize and modernize the development of this crucial potential of Belgrade.
The concept of resilience is probably one of the best-known new international concepts, which have gained attention since the economic crisis in 2008. Since then, this global challenge has redirected general focus at all tiers from "faith" in unstoppable progress to more desirable stabilisation and preparedness. Being the major places of globalism, cities across the World have suffered from the crisis. Therefore, they have profoundly embraced the postulates of resilience, transforming them with "urban" footprint-urban resilience. The creation of this significant concept has been in the agenda of many international organisations. However, the concept of urban resilience is still a novelty, with accompanying implementation problems. This is a very important issue in the field of urban design, a part of urbanism very much connected to concrete functioning in situ. This "implementability" of the concept of resilience in urban design is an important issue for Serbia. As a post-socialist country, it has witnessed various problems and general inconsistency. With a strong motive to cope with them, local authorities and institutions often try to directly implement foreign-arisen concepts and knowledge, without any local adaptation. The results of these forceful acts are usually questionable. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to understand how the principles of resilient urban design are tailored and how they are important for Serbian cities. Hence, general urban plans as the main development documents in Serbian cities are researched through the lenses of these principles, with expectations to check if they are ready to make urban design in relevant cities more resistant. The final contribution of the paper is foreseen in the form of guidelines to enforce urban resilience at local level.
Working people spend around 54% of their waking hours at a workplace, according to recent statistics. Work-related stress is unavoidable, and it can damage the health of employees and affect business performance. In this paper, we argue that open space inside the workplace environment can have a positive influence on reducing overall stress levels in all the categories of users. To our knowledge, there is a significant lack of research considering specific business districts and the gated complexes called business parks, especially in post-socialist Eastern European cities, where there they are still a novelty. Empirical research in this study is on the single case study of Business Park “Airport city” in Belgrade, Serbia. Its main focus is on the survey conducted with 235 participants based on a questionnaire, which examines the relation between workplace stress and workplace environments. The findings from the questionnaire show that the frequency, duration, and activity of open space usage influence the stress levels of employees in this specific workplace, while it is not visible relating to their age and gender. Additionally, final implications suggest that improved open space, such as well-expected greenery, but also the urban design non-associative to workspace and the socialization and exercise amenities customized for frequent and short work breaks, can facilitate the overall well-being of employees. They are innovative elements in relatively underdeveloped research on stress measures with open space usage characteristics in the specific (gated) workplace setting.
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