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Kao jedna od najmlađih država u Evopi, Crna Gora je posebno interesantan primer kako se u političkom okviru odvija simboličko nadmetanje između dva projekta izgradnje nacije. Pitanje crnogorskog nacionalnog identiteta predstavljalo je središte crnogorske politike od kraja 19. veka, međutim nikad nije postojao jasan konsenzus na pitanje ko su tačno Crnogorci. Podržana rekonstruisanim značenjem crnogorske nacije, novonastala crnogorska nacionalna svest ubrzana je nakon raskida sa Srbijom i proglašenja nezavisnosti 21. maja 2006. Crna Gora je od raspada Jugoslavije na svom putu ka državnosti prošla kroz tranzicije iz republike u Saveznoj Republici Jugoslaviji (SRJ) u državu članicu Srbije i Crne Gore u periodu 2003-2006. godine, a nakon toga u nezavisnu državu od 2006. godine. Međutim, tranzicija državnosti nije predstavljala rezultat jednog šireg narodnog konsenzusa. Podela u vladajućoj političkoj stranci reformisanih komunista, Demokratskoj partiji socijalista (DPS) 1997. godine, podstakla je političku borbu između dve bivše frakcije ove stranke. Tokom perioda od 15 godina promenjivi politički programi vladajućeg DPS-a i protivničke Socijalističke narodne partije (SNP), poslužili su kao izvor za redefinisanje značenja etničkog (nacionalnog) identiteta. U svojoj konkurenciji za društvene, političke ili ekonomske resurse, crnogorske elite su primenom političkih mera, etno-kulturne državne politike i aktivnim korišćenjem medija uspele da pojedine činjenice i događaje pretvore u referentne tačke za građane Crne Gore na način da identifikuju sebe. Stoga su ti događaji postali osnova pripadnosti određenoj zajednici i ujedno pomogli u razgraničenju specifične crnogorske od srpske zajednice.

National policies, strategies, doctrines and laws have a different approach to the issue of critical infrastructure. The adequately designed infrastructure is the main driving force of national prosperity and a precondition for economic expansion and future growth. On the other hand, everyday life in modern times is based, among other things, on highly developed infrastructure, especially in the fields of management and control of energy supply, provision of drinking water sources, transport, maintenance of information technology systems, telecommunications, etc. The paper considers the issue of critical infrastructure protection on the example of the Republic of Serbia. In this regard, critical infrastructure will be considered through changes in the strategic and normative framework. Historically, the subject area has long been directly related to the defence needs of the state. This is partly expected having in mind that the phrase critical infrastructure is taken from military terminology to denote everything necessary for the functioning of military system during military conflicts, when resources are directed to the preservation of one's own facilities, systems and networks, and also their disabling on the enemy side. However, in modern times, critical infrastructure has gained much broader meaning and significance for the functioning of the state and society as a whole.

The ultimate goals and basic forms of social conflict have remained unchanged throughout history. Nevertheless, today there is an evident expansion in the application of new methods, techniques and means for waging war. The continuous fusion of revolutionary achievements in the field of computers, satellite communications and the media has radically improved the possibilities of warfare, despite the fact that technological achievements have not substantially changed the geostrategic and political-economic goals of the war itself. Cyberspace provided enormous opportunities for conducting special propaganda actions as well as for carrying out attacks via computer networks on enemy information systems and thus expanded the space for conducting information operations. Information operations can be conducted independently or in support of conventional, kinetic, conflict. The authors of the paper point out the importance that information operations have in modern armed conflicts on the example of the conflict in Ukraine. In the introduction, an overview of different conceptual definitions of information operations is given. Then, an analysis of the Russian theoretical and strategic-doctrinal approach to information warfare was conducted. After that, the specifics of information operations from the point of view of their content, scope, place and role in modern armed conflicts, on the Ukrainian example, are explained. The paper should be viewed as a starting point for a broader discourse, because it is not possible to discuss this issue comprehensively in all its complexity within the given format. The dramatic events in Ukraine have unequivocally indicated to us that the information aspect of the hybrid war should not be underestimated or neglected.