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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of alkaloid extracts of Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) D.C. pods obtained by two extraction methods as compared with sodium monensin on the gas production kinetic, mitigation of methane, and rumen fermentation products using wheat bran or Tifton 85 hay as substrates, by the semi-automatic in vitro gas production technique. A completely randomized design was adopted, and two natural additives were tested made from mesquite pod (alkaloid extract I and alkaloid extract II) at three levels (3.9, 7.9, and 12 μg), sodium monensin 5 μM (positive control), and no inclusion of additives (negative control). The volume of gases produced by the degradation of the fibrous fraction of wheat bran was influenced by the concentration of the extract I added to the medium, and the amounts of 7.9 and 12 μg were equal to monensin at the lowest value. The degradation rate of the fibrous carbohydrates with additive extract I at 12 μg was lower in relation to monensin. When Tifton 85 hay was utilized, alkaloid extract I provided a shorter colonization time as compared with monensin at the added amounts of 7.9 and 12 μg and higher production of gases from the fibrous fraction but without interfering with the total volume of gases produced during 96 h of fermentation of carbohydrates. In the periods of 12 and 24 h of incubation, utilizing alkaloid extract I, the mean values of methane production with wheat bran and Tifton 85 hay were lower than monensin (p < 0.05) when the respective amounts of 7.9 and 12 μg were added. Alkaloid extract I has similar potential to sodium in reducing production of total gases, methane, and the acetate/propionate ratio.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the silage quality, fermentation profile, intake, and digestibility of six sorghum cultivars for sheep feeding. 'SF 15', 'IPA 2502', 'BRS 655', 'BR 601', 'BRS 506', and 'Sudão' were cultivated in randomized complete block designs with five replicates, harvested, and ensiled when plants reached the soft-dough grain stage. Silage quality was determined in laboratory silos. Intake and apparent digestibility were determined during 22 days, using 24 Santa Inês lambs (35.5±2.21 kg) randomly distributed in the treatments. Silage from 'IPA 2502' had the lowest contents of dry matter, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber; the highest nonfibrous carbohydrate and total digestible nutrient contents; and the greatest dry matter degradability. Silages from 'BR 601' and 'BRS 506' showed the highest values of crude protein, whereas those of 'SF 15' and 'Sudão' had the highest levels of fibrous fractions. Lambs fed silage from 'IPA 2502' consumed more dry matter and nonfibrous carbohydrates, and their crude protein digestibility was also greater than that from the consumption of other cultivar silages. 'IPA 2502' stands out for its nutritional characteristics, which resulted in better animal performance.

The objective was to evaluate the parameters of kinetics of ruminal fermentation of cocoa husks (CH) treated with alkali and thermal agents, using the semi-automated in vitro gas production technique. Cocoa husks samples were subjected to alkali and thermal methods (effect of time of exposure) treatment, as follows: control; alkaline treatment with calcium hydroxide ((Ca(OH) 2 ) and calcium oxide (CaO), both doses of 15.0; 30.0 and 45.0 g kg -1 of CH; heat treatment in an autoclave at a pressure of 1.23 kg cm -2 (15 psi) and a temperature of 123°C for 30, 60 and 90 minutes. For statistical analysis, orthogonal contrasts and regression. The degradation rate and the final volume of gases of non-fiber carbohydrates decreased with the addition of Ca(OH) 2 and CaO, however, for fibrous carbohydrates effects were positive. For each percentage of Ca(OH) 2 and CaO included, it is estimated an increase of 5.74 and 2.9% in the final volume of the fiber, respectively. When the heat treatment, a decrease in all parameters was estimated. For each minute of exposure to heat, there was a decrease of 0.4% in total final volume of gases. The alkali treatment can be an efficient alternative for improving the digestibility of fibrous fractions of CH. Key words: Alternative feed, chemical treatment, residue, ruminants ResumoObjetivou-se avaliar os parâmetros da cinética de fermentação ruminal da casca de cacau (CC) tratada com agentes alcalinos e térmicos, utilizando a técnica in vitro semi-automática de produção de gases. Amostras da CC foram submetidas aos métodos de tratamento alcalino e térmico (efeito do tempo de exposição), assim distribuídos: controle; tratamento alcalino com hidróxido de cálcio (Ca(OH) 2 ) e óxido de cálcio (CaO) com pressão de 1,23 kg cm -2 (15 psi) e temperatura de 123º C durante 30, 60 e 90 minutos. Para análise estatística, foram utilizados contrastes ortogonais e regressão. A taxa de degradação e o volume final dos gases dos carboidratos não fibrosos decresceram com a inclusão de Ca(OH) 2 e CaO, entretanto, para os carboidratos fibrosos os efeitos foram positivos. Para cada percentual de Ca(OH) 2 e CaO incluídos, estima-se um acréscimo de 5,74 e 2,9 % no volume final dos carboidratos fibrosos respectivamente. Quanto ao tratamento térmico, houve decréscimo em todos os parâmetros estimados. Para cada minuto de exposição ao calor, houve diminuição de 0,4% no volume final total dos gases. O tratamento alcalino pode ser uma alternativa eficaz para a melhoria da digestibilidade das frações fibrosas da CC.

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