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This file was dowloaded from the institutional repository Brage NIH -brage.bibsys.no/nih Zunzer, S. C., von Duvillard, S., Tschakert, G., Mangus, B., Hofmann, P. (2013). Energy expenditure and sex differences of golf playing. Energy expenditure and sex differences in golf 2 AbstractThe purpose of the study was to assess the golf walking intensity and energy expenditure (EE) in a large heterogeneous group of healthy men and women of varying age and golf handicap, playing and walking one round of either 9 or 18-holes of golf on 2 hilly and 2 flat 18-hole championship courses. Forty-two males and 24 females completed an incremental cycle-ergometer exercise test to determine exercise performance markers.The heart rate (HR), duration, distance, walking speed, ascent and descent were measured via a GPS/HR monitor during the game. When playing 9 or 18-holes of golf, independent of the golf course design, the average HR was not significantly different between men vs. women or the subgroups and the intensities were light (<3 METs). The total EE of all subjects was not significant for hilly (834±344 kcal) vs. flat courses (833±295 kcal) whereas male players (926±292 kcal) expended significantly greater EE than female players (556±180 kcal). Playing golf is suggested to yield in health benefits due to the high volume of physical activity although the intensity was well below the recommended limits. Golf may have other health related benefits that may be unrelated to the lower intensity level of the activity.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether vertical jump height was influenced by completing a half squat or quarter squat exercise prior to jumping. Ten male subjects experienced with the squat exercise performed 4 warm up squat sets followed by 1 repetition with the weight of 90% of 1 repetition maximum of the half squat or quarter squat. No difference in jump heights after any of the 3 conditions, including a control group (F = 3.096, p = 0.070), was found. Correlations between the relative strength ratio and the difference in averaged jump heights before and after the half and quarter squat conditions were also tested, and no correlation was found (r = -0.128, p = 0.724, and r = -0.189, p = 0.601, respectively). Although statistical significance at the 0.05 level was not observed for the comparison of jump heights between conditions, we did observe a trend (i.e., p = 0.07). Therefore, we examined the individual responses to the exercises and determined that 5 of the subjects did increase their vertical jumps after both squat exercises. It may be that the influence of prejump exercise on jump performance may be individualized. Nevertheless, the use of a strength ratio does not appear to predict who will benefit from posttetanic potentiation in this type of exercise situation.

Context:Knowledge and understanding of the principles and applications of joint-mobilization techniques are becoming commonplace for entry-level certified athletic trainers.Data Sources:Various textbooks written on this topic.Data Synthesis:The authors collected information from commonly used textbooks on joint mobilization in both athletic training and physical therapy curriculums.Conclusion:Undoubtedly, before using joint mobilization, the clinician should demonstrate mastery-level understanding of joint biomechanics, application principles, and indications and contra-indications. This article provides basic information on the principles of joint mobilization.

Vegas. Dr Mangus is now at Texas A&M University-Commerce.Context: A growing number of children are participating in organized sport activities, resulting in a concomitant increase in lower extremity injuries. Little is known about the impact generated when children are running or how this impact is attenuated in child runners.Objective: To describe shock attenuation characteristics for children running at different speeds on a treadmill and at a single speed over ground.Design: Prospective cohort study. Setting: Biomechanics laboratory.Patients or Other Participants: Eleven boys (age 5 10.5 6 0.9 years, height 5 143.7 6 8.3 cm, mass 5 39.4 6 10.9 kg) and 7 girls (age 5 9.9 6 1.1 years, height 5 136.2 6 7.7 cm, mass 5 35.1 6 9.6 kg) participated.Intervention ( Main Outcome Measure(s): We measured leg peak impact acceleration (LgPk), head peak impact acceleration (HdPk), and shock attenuation (ratio of LgPk to HdPk).Results: Shock attenuation (F 2,16 5 4.80, P 5 .01) was influenced by the interaction of speed and sex. Shock attenuation increased across speeds (slow, preferred, fast) for boys (P , .05) but not for girls (P . .05). Both LgPk (F 1,16 5 5.04, P 5 .04) and HdPk (F 1,16 5 6.04, P 5 .03) were different across speeds, and both were greater for girls than for boys. None of the dependent variables were influenced by the interaction of setting (TM, OG) and sex (P $ .05). Shock attenuation (F 1,16 5 33.51, P , .001) and LgPk (F 1,16 5 31.54, P , .001) were different between TM and OG, and each was greater when running OG than on the TM, regardless of sex.Conclusions: Shock attenuation was between 66% and 76% for children running under a variety of conditions. Girls had greater peak impact accelerations at the leg and head levels than boys but achieved similar shock attenuation. We do not know how these shock attenuation characteristics are related to overuse injuries.Key Words: boy and girl runners, impact, lower extremity injuries Key Points N Children attenuated different amounts of shock while running on a treadmill and over ground. N Leg and head peak impact accelerations were greater in girls than in boys. N Boys and girls achieved similar shock attenuation levels under various running conditions. N We do not know the mechanism for shock attenuation in child runners. N When developing rehabilitation programs for children, the practitioner should consider that shock attenuation varies across running speeds and between treadmill and overground running.