Objectives: To describe the published literature on EBM curricula for physicians in training and barriers during curriculum implementation. Methods:We performed a systematic search and review of the medical literature on PubMed, Embase, ERIC, Scopus and Web of Science from the earliest available date until September 4, 2019. Results: We screened 9,042 references and included 29 fulltext studies and 14 meeting abstracts. Eighteen studies had moderate validity, and 6 had high validity. The EBM curricular structure proved highly variable in between studies. The majority of the EBM curricula was longitudinal with different lengths. Only five studies reported using Kern's six-step approach for curriculum development. Twenty-one articles reported on EBM skills and knowledge, and only 5/29 full-text articles used a validated assessment tool. Time was the main barrier to EBM curriculum implementation. All the included studies and abstracts, independent of the EBM curriculum structure or evaluation method used, found an improvement in the residents' attitudes and/or EBM skills and knowledge. Conclusions:The current body of literature available to guide educators in EBM curriculum development is enough to constitute a strong scaffold for developing any EBM curriculum. Given the amount of time and resources needed to develop and implement an EBM curriculum, it is very important to follow the curriculum development steps and use validated assessment tools.

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Introduction: Identifying an accurate, user friendly alternative to skinfold calipers may allow for accurate assessment of body composition in more applied settings, such as various training and competition venues.  The purpose of our study was to determine the validity of B-mode ultrasound (BMUS) for body composition assessment by comparing this method to values obtained using air displacement plethysmography (ADP). Methods: Twenty-four active runners underwent two forms of body composition assessment during a single lab visit; ADP and BMUS. ADP body density was estimated using an air displacement chamber in combination with measured lung volume. BMUS body density was estimated from measuring the Jackson-Pollock 7 site skinfolds with a portable, app-based ultrasound device to determine subcutaneous fat thickness. Images were analyzed using proprietary software. Body density values for both methods were converted to body fat percentage using the Siri equation. A paired samples t-test was used to compare values obtained from ADP and BMUS. Results: There was no difference between ADP (18.3 ± 7.3%) and BMUS (17.2 ± 7.6%; p = 0.1) for percent body fat. Conclusions: BMUS provides a valid method for assessing body composition when compared to ADP, thus providing a portable, accurate method for assessing body composition in applied settings.

METHODS: 210 males and females with nearly normal weight (BMI = 23-26 kg/m 2 ) were equally divided into 3 age groups: 1) Young adults 18-34 yo; 2) Middle age adults 35-59 yo; and 3) Older adults 60-88 yo. Body fat % was assessed for each using 4 METHODS: 1) Bioelectrical impedance Inbody 770 (BI) -criterion method; 2) Body mass index (BMI); 3) Abdominal and buttock circumferences (C); and 4) Skinfold (SF). Regression equations were used to calculate body fat % in latter 3 methods. A repeated measures 2-way ANOVA (p < 0.05) with post hoc tests were employed. RESULTS: There were no significant interactions between age group and body fat technique. Collapsed across age groups for males, % body fat was significantly greater in BMI (22.7±5.0) than BI (20.7±7.7), C (21.2±5.8), and SF (16.6±5.7), and significantly greater in C and BI than SK. Collapsed across body fat techniques for males, % body fat was significantly greater in Older adults (24.5±6.1) than Middle age adults (20.0±5.8) and Young adults (16.7±5.2), and greater in Middle age adults than Young adults. Collapsed across age groups for females, % body fat was significantly greater in C (33.1±7.8) and BMI (32.0±5.5) than BI (29.4±9.4) and SF (23.7±5.3), and greater in BI than SK. When collapsed across body fat techniques for females, % body fat was significantly greater in Older adults (34.4±7.9) than Middle age adults (28.0±6.2) and Young adults (25.6.7±7.2), and greater in Middle age adults than Young adults. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to the criterion reference BI, body fat % was generally overestimated by C and BMI groups by 1-3% and underestimated by SF group by 4-5%. All 4 methods are practical and reliable ways to assess body fat % in 1 minute or less time and without needing expensive equipment or training, and all 4 methods provided fairly similar results. SK measurements can be taken in as few as 3 sites and skinfold calipers are typically less than $200, C measurements only requires a tape measure, while BMI only requires a weigh scale for weight and tape measure for height. The BI is most expensive

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