Palwindian peoples migrated into the cul-de-sac between Lake Agassiz, the Superior basin, and the receding ice margin about 9500 years ago. Around Thunder Bay there is a close but not exclusive association of habitation sites with Lake Minong and its subsequent declining stages. Reconstruction of shorelines by detailed morphological mapping provides explanation of known sites, reasonable longshore correlation, and a predictive tool for focusing new investigations. Sites near taconite sources. in sheltered embayments, at river mouths, and near lookout points are preferred, but some wcupance continued after water level decline. The full sequence of Paleoindian to Shield Archaic periods is uniquely destroyed by the Nipissing transgression (8000-5500 years BPI, which buried and truncated earlier shorelines. This sequence is potentially preserved on the north shore of Superior, but limited archaeological resources exist in the region, despite healthy, interdisciplinary cooperation.

Archaeological site interpretation can be enhanced by consideration of related geological and geomorphological processes. Lake Superior has a history of glaciation, isostatic recovery, and water-level change. Two examples are given of shoreline sites at which interpretation is enhanced by an understanding of local geologic factors. The archaeologic history of the Lake Superior basin is reviewed, and three cultural traditions are recognized; (1) Paleoindian, (2) Archaic, and (3) Woodland. Three significant factors ofgeologic history are then discussed: (1) ice margin oscillation, (2) differential isostatic uplift, and (3) lake-level fluctuations. The factors reducing o r improving shoreline archaeological site preservation are examined, and a summary model of shoreline site distribution for the Lake Superior basin is offered. It is concluded that the north shore provides the best potential for a complete archaeological record. 8 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. PROLOGUEIt is of concern to many geologists and geomorphologists who approach archaeology in their work, that incomplete or erroneous interpretation of archaeological sites sometimes comes about through insufficient attention to the "geologic filter," that is, the set of geological processes acting on the site and the context in which they took place. The object of pointing out the potential for misinterpretation is not to criticize the existing skills of the archaeologist, but to demonstrate that archaeological interpretation, both at local and regional scales, can be enhanced by more adequate consideration of geologic and geomorphic processes.Lake shorelines are biologically productive zones, particularly where sheltered embayments, marshes, and river mouths occur, and it is in these locations that prehistoric peoples have tended to concentrate their activities. The shoreline of Lake Superior, 82,103 km2 in area, is for the greater part comprised of rugged rock shores, such that bayhead beaches, marshlands, and river mouths are particularly important as potential habitation sites. Because of glaciation and isostatic uplift, Lake Superior is rimmed by the remains of strandlines of former post-glacial lakes occupying the basin, and it is on these that much of the evidence for prehistoric occupation has been found. SHORELINE SITE MODEL, LAKE SUPERIOR 50. 90 85 I I NORMERN ON 90 85 Figure 1. The Lake Superior basin-location map.-50 of these shoreline related sites has been closely linked to the succession of strandlines, which in places descend to present lake level in a staircase of lakeshore terraces . Larsen (1985), in a study of Lakes Michigan and Huron, warns that past approaches t o geological and archaeological studies of those lakes has shown that archaeological interpretation has been too closely tied to the current interpretation of post-glacial chronology, and that the interpretation of coastal landforms has relied more on surficial studies than on subsurface stratigraphical relationships (p. 96). The glacial and post-glacial history of the Superior ba...

Modification of an ice-contact delta built on the margin of Lake Minong (9500 BP) is ascribed to a transgressive event. Reworking of fluvial sediments by wave action and the infilling of the lower end of a distributary valley demonstrate a post-Minong transgression and reoccupation of the lower portion of the delta. Estimated to be in the order of 18 m, this water-level oscillation may represent evidence of one of several catastrophic discharges of Lake Agassiz into the Superior basin, proposed to have occurred between 9.5 and 8.0 ka BP.

No abstract

Tomorrow's energy needs are driving the Oil and Gas Industry to achieve ‘No oilleft behind’. This comes at a cost as the pressures in remote deepwaterreservoir pockets are depleted and the water cuts increases. Existingtechnology is evolving to meet the challenges to automate water separation andpurification in deepwater for environmentally safe discharge at theseabed. To solve the problems the objectives must be defined; the best availablesolutions must be selected and the technology gaps must be identified andclosed. Environmental protection is a priority and the translation of theexisting Statutory Regulations to include the requirements to be met bydischarged water quality is the starting point. Safety and Reliability willfollow along with the flexibility to tailor the system to match the reservoir'schanging needs and incorporate the best, new and fast developing technology. Equipment relocation may also prove commercially attractive. Major challenges will be remote process train control and monitoring and theability to perform routine maintenance while the wells still flow. Some of thistechnology could have immediate benefits to surface processes that would inturn provide ideal proving grounds before the technology ventures intodeepwater. Introduction This paper explains the challenges facing the subsea processing technologies tobe able to handle and treat produced water at the seabed between 5,000 and8,000 feet of water depth. It will discuss the regulatory standards usedthroughout the industry today to oversee produced water treatment. The paperwill look at the marine life in this ultra deepwater environment at the seabedconditions. It will review the latest produced water treatment technologiesused throughout the topside offshore production industry. The paper willillustrate various concepts to perform subsea produced water treatment and lookat the many challenges and gaps to be addressed, to make this technology viableand effective. The paper will identify the gaps and challenges to applying produced watertreatment and discharge at the seabed in ultra deepwater environments. Researchand compiled information will be presented to support the concepts proposed tomeet the challenges of produced water treatment and discharge at the seabed inan ultra deepwater production system. Technology Benefits Seabed discharge of produced water and/or solids can provide many benefits, but this paper has been created with the focus on the three mainbenefits:Eliminate the need to transport huge volumes of water from deep waterproduction sites to the tieback hosts which may be many miles away. Therefore, significantly reducing the production system costs.Decreasing the hydrostatic pressure on the subsea production flow lineswill help reduce the back pressure on the subsea wellhead and ultimately allowfor more subsea production from the reservoirs.Installations of Subsea Produced Water Handling systems will minimize thetopside equipment footprint and protect the equipment for being vulnerable todamaging tropical hurricanes and harsh weather systems.