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[1] Turbulent oscillatory flow over sand ripples is examined using three-dimensional numerical simulations. The model solves the time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations on a curvilinear grid in a horizontally periodic domain. The flow transitions to turbulence and the presence of sand ripples increases the rate of dissipation of shoaling wave energy compared to flow over a smooth boundary. The influence of the ripple shape is shown to alter the mean flow field and affect the induced drag and dissipation rates. Shear instabilities near the boundary during phases of flow reversal resulting in vortex shedding from the ripple crest produce a continuously turbulent boundary layer, differing from results obtained in simulations over smooth boundaries.

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Left ventricular pseudoaneurysm is a rare complication of myocardial infarction that carries a high mortality rate. Although conventional wisdom suggests prompt surgical repair in order to mitigate risk of expansion and rupture, there are some data to support non-operative management in asymptomatic individuals with likely chronic pseudoaneurysms, particularly when surgical candidacy is poor. We present a case of a medically managed left ventricular pseudoaneurysm subsequent to inferior ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction with 6-month follow-up data.