This paper provides an analysis of Afro-Peruvian Spanish (APS) declarative intonation. APS is an Afro-Hispanic vernacular spoken across some rural villages in the Province of Chincha, coastal Peru. Results indicate that APS does not follow declarative intonation patterns found in most normative varieties of Spanish. In particular, it shows lower rates of downstepping; it presents systematic peak alignment at the word level (both in nuclear and prenuclear positions); and it is characterized by L- boundary tones at the intermediate phrase edges (rather than H- configurations). We analyze these results as the byproduct of contact-induced change, which led to the reduction of Spanish phonological targets in the APS grammar and to a subsequent reconfiguration of its prosodic system.

This study offers an analysis of Afro-Peruvian Spanish (APS) declarative intonation. Our findings indicate that this dialect presents intonational features that diverge from other varieties of Spanish. It shows minimal downstepping across utterances and a predominant use of the L+H* pitch accent, even in prenuclear position, where L+>H* is more commonly cited in neutral contexts. At intermediate phrase edges, the most common APS boundary tone is L- rather than H-, which is usually employed in other varieties to indicate the continuation of a thought. Our results evidence a simplified set of phonological targets, which are analyzed as the byproduct of SLA processes that were subsequently conventionalized and nativized at the community level by later generations of APS speakers.

Motivated by existing research gaps exploring heritage Spanish, the current study analyzes the prosodic manifestation of sarcasm versus sincerity in 19 English-dominant, English-Spanish bilinguals residing in the Midwest region of the USA. In order to explore cross-generational effects and source input varieties, a subset of participants from within the same family was analyzed, including their Spanish-dominant, adult immigrant parents, but only for Spanish. Participants produced sarcastic and sincere utterances in response to contextualized stimuli in both English and Spanish. Data were analyzed for f0 mean, f0 range, and speech rate using Praat. A linear mixed-effects analysis examined the main and interactive effects of language, language dominance, gender, bilingual type, place of birth, and age on sarcasm and sincerity. Results show that sincere speech is faster than sarcastic speech and that speakers have a higher speech rate when speaking English as compared to Spanish. Results show that sincere speech is faster than sarcastic speech and that speakers have a higher speech rate when speaking English compared to Spanish. Results also indicate that the effect of attitude on speech rate can be modified by age, and that the effect of language on speech rate can be modified by age, gender, and dominance, as well as a two-way interactive effect of attitude and language on speech rate. Speaking in Spanish yields a higher f0 mean and range. Results also indicate two-way interactive effects of attitude and bilingual type, and language and dominance on f0 mean and range, as well as a three-way interactive effect of attitude, language, and age on f0 mean. In terms of intrafamilial findings, parents and their adult children pattern the same way in Spanish with respect to speech rate and f0, highlighting the role of source input variety. These results expand our knowledge of how different language experiences and sociolinguistic variables influence prosodic outcomes in heritage speakers of Spanish in the USA.

EN This study provides an acoustic analysis of voice onset time (VOT) of voiceless stops /ptk/ in Spanish, produced by heritage speakers (HSs) of Ukrainian and of Polish who are English-dominant and beginner or intermediate learners of Spanish as a third language (L3). Given that both Ukrainian and Polish, like Spanish and unlike English, are characterized by short-lag VOT, data were collected from six Ukrainian HSs and 11 Polish HSs in their heritage language (HL), in English, and in Spanish to compare potential effects of the HL on L3 VOT production. VOT was analyzed in three task types. The goals were: 1) to determine whether VOT values produced in Spanish by Ukrainian and Polish HSs are more reflective of VOTs in the HL or in English, and 2) to determine the effect of task type on VOT. Data show that Ukrainian and Polish HSs’ VOTs in Spanish are shorter than those of L2 Spanish learners whose L1 is English, indicating a HL rather than dominant language influence on L3 VOT. Results suggest that the most crucial factors in L3 phonological acquisition are: 1) structural similarity between HL and L3, and 2) L3 proficiency (not language dominance). VOT was also affected by task type: like L1 Spanish speakers, VOT of Ukrainian HSs increases as task formality increases. This paper fills research gaps in HL and L3 phonetics/phonology as to the effects of a HL on the acquisition of subsequent sound systems in adulthood. Key words: L3 PHONOLOGY, HERITAGE LANGUAGE PHONOLOGY, CROSS-LINGUISTIC INFLUENCE, VOICE ONSET TIME (VOT), L3 LEARNING ES Este estudio ofrece un análisis acústico del tiempo de emisión de voz (VOT, voice onset time) de las oclusivas sordas /ptk/ en español, producidas por hablantes de herencia (AH) de ucraniano y polaco cuya lengua dominante es el inglés y que aprenden español como L3 a nivel inicial o intermedio. Dado que tanto el ucraniano como el polaco, al igual que el español y a diferencia del inglés, se caracterizan por un VOT de lazo corto, se recopilaron datos de seis AH ucranianos y 11 AH polacos en su lengua de herencia (LH), en inglés y en español. Los objetivos eran determinar: 1) si los VOT producidos en español por estos AH reflejan más la LH o el inglés, y 2) el efecto del tipo de tarea. Los datos muestran que los VOT en español de los AH de ucraniano y de polaco son más cortos que los de estudiantes de español L2 cuya L1 es el inglés, lo que indica una influencia de la LH –no de la lengua de dominancia– en la producción de VOT. Los resultados sugieren que los factores más cruciales en la adquisición fonológica de la L3 son: 1) similitud estructural entre la LH y la L3, y 2) competencia lingüística en la L3. El VOT de los AH ucranianos aumenta conforme aumenta la formalidad de la tarea. Este trabajo llena las lagunas de la investigación en fonética/fonología de LH y L3 en cuanto a los efectos de una LH en la adquisición de sistemas sonoros posteriores en la edad adulta. Palabras clave: FONOLOGÍA DE L3, FONOLOGÍA DE LA LENGUA DE HERENCIA, INFLUENCIA INTERLINGÜÍSTICA, VOT, APRENDIZAJE DE L3 IT Questo studio fornisce un’analisi acustica del tempo di attacco della sonorità (VOT, voice onset time) delle occlusive sorde /ptk/ in spagnolo da parte di apprendenti di livello base o intermedio di spagnolo come L3 che sono i parlanti di ucraino e polacco come lingue ereditarie (LE) ma con l’inglese come lingua dominante (LD). I dati sono basati su sei parlanti di ucraino LE e undici di polacco LE. Il VOT è analizzato in tre lingue—LE, inglese e spagnolo—con l’obiettivo di determinare 1) se i valori di VOT prodotti in spagnolo dagli ucraini e dai polacchi riflettono di più la LE o la LD, 2) gli effetti del tipo di esercizio sul VOT. I dati dimostrano che i VOT in spagnolo dei parlanti di ucraino e polacco come LE sono più brevi di quelli degli apprendenti di spagnolo L2 con inglese L1. Ciò indica che la LE influenza la produzione del VOT rispetto alla LD. I risultati suggeriscono che nell’acquisizione fonologica di una L3 sono cruciali: 1) la similarità strutturale tra LE e L3, e 2) la competenza nella L3. Inoltre, come per i parlanti di spagnolo L1, il VOT dei parlanti di ucraino aumenta con l’aumentare della formalità dell’esercizio. Questo articolo colma un vuoto nello studio della LE e della fonetica/fonologia della L3 relativo agli effetti di una LE sull’acquisizione di un successivo sistema di suoni nell’età adulta. Parole chiave: FONOLOGIA DELLA L3, FONOLOGIA DELLA LINGUA EREDITARIA, INFLUENZA CROSS-LINGUISTICA, VOT, APPRENDIMENTO DELLA L3