Life history theory posits father absence and associated stressors are key for regulating the development of reproductive phenotypes. The causal status of father absence has been questioned, however, because genetic confounding can account for this association. The purpose of the current study was to replicate and extend prior work that evaluated the androgen receptor gene’s (AR) contribution to the interrelations between father absence and daughters’ age at menarche (AAM) and sexual behaviors by evaluating the GGC, as well as the better characterized CAG polymorphisms. Using structural models on a sample of 269 Caucasian women, we found no evidence to support the genetic confounding hypothesis, though a main effect of CAG variation on earlier AAM was detected independent of father absence. In addition, we tested the hypothesis that associations between father absence and daughter’s sexual behaviors would be mediated by AAM and that indirect effects of father absence would be conditioned by AR variation. Results showed AR variation moderated the association between father absence and AAM and the indirect effects of father absence on daughter’s sexual behaviors, most strongly by the CAG repeat. Implications of these results are discussed in terms of genetic contributions to life history phenotypes and importance of examining gene–environment transactions.

Objectives: We describe retention in care, medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) prescribing, and urine toxicology outcomes of a comprehensive perinatal shared medical appointment model that combined medication, group-based counseling, and recovery supports. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of program retention between 11/1/16 and 3/31/20 in pregnant and postpartum women with substance dependence or use disorder. Disengagement reasons, MOUD prescribing, and urine toxicology were abstracted from medical records. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to evaluate risk factors for program disengagement.Results: Approximately 87% of patients had OUD and 80% were pregnant at the initial visit (N ¼ 140). Retention at 3 months, 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years was approximately 86%, 78%, 66%, and 48%, respectively. Over 97% of patients were prescribed MOUD and 88% of all urine toxicology results were negative for nonprescribed opioids. Patients enrolled after initiation of wraparound services (HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.28-0.96) and those attending more shared medical appointments (HR 0.90, 95% CI 0.87-0.93) had a lower hazard of disengagement after controlling for other covariates. Loss to follow-up was the most common disengagement reason. Conclusions: A low-threshold, comprehensive perinatal shared medical appointment program had high retention rates, increased access to evidence-based MOUD, and high rates of opioid-negative urine toxicology. Participants enrolled after wraparound services began had a lower hazard of disengagement. Future research in perinatal substance use should evaluate the most optimal and costeffective components of comprehensive programs to inform standard of care.