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Conventional mine planning approaches use an estimated orebody model as input to generate optimal production schedules. The smoothing effect of some geostatistical estimation methods cause most of the mine plans and production forecasts to be unrealistic and incomplete. With the development of simulation methods, the risks from grade uncertainty in ore reserves can be measured and managed through a set of equally probable orebody realizations. In order to incorporate grade uncertainty into the strategic mine plan, a stochastic mixed integer programming (SMIP) formulation is presented to optimize an underground cut-and-fill mining production schedule. The objective function of the SMIP model is to maximize the net present value (NPV) of the mining project and minimize the risk of deviation from the production targets. To demonstrate the applicability of the SMIP model, a case study on a cut-and-fill underground gold mining operation is implemented.

It is important that the strategic mine plan makes optimum use of available resources and provides continuous quality ore to drive sustainable mining and profitability. This requires the development of a well-integrated strategy of mining options for surface and/or underground mining and their interactions. Understanding the current tools and methodologies used in the mining industry for surface and underground mining options and transitions planning are essential to dealing with complex and deep-seated deposits that are amenable to both open pit and underground mining. In this study, extensive literature review and a gap analysis matrix are used to identify the limitations and opportunities for further research in surface-underground mining options and transitions optimization for comprehensive resource development planning.

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