No abstract

Local food advocates promote direct-to-consumer food sales, arguing that such sales yield a variety of positive effects, including that smaller, direct-toconsumer producers have a greater economic impact compared to larger producers selling via wholesale channels. In this research study, we examine this claim by exploring the relative economic contribution of small-scale, direct-toconsumer vegetable operations versus larger-scale, direct-to-wholesale vegetable operations in Central Minnesota. In this article, we detail the methods used to define the project, gather primary data, and construct the two production functions following the methods developed for the U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Marketing Service's Economics of Local Foods Systems Toolkit. In our analysis, we constructed two production functions

Business retention and expansion (BRE) can strengthen the economic and social fabrics of communities when led by a broad cross-section of community leaders and supported by professionals skilled in BRE process techniques. This article explains lessons learned from a generation of broad-based BRE visitation initiatives facilitated by the University of Minnesota Extension. Two program improvements, their genesis, and outcomes are featured. The first improvement stemmed from a comprehensive review of nine community BRE initiatives in which the results had not been reported as either successful or unsuccessful. The second improvement is the application of a consistent evaluation rubric: ripple effect mapping. The article demonstrates that 1. volunteer involvement in BRE can be effective in creating community-wide benefits and 2. there are benefits to striving for both community development and economic development through BRE. Thus BRE can be effective for community improvement overall, not just for jobs and economic impact.