The latissimus dorsi is the larger, flat, dorso-lateral muscle on the trunk, posterior to the arm, and partly covered by the trapezius on its median dorsal region. Origin of the latissimus dorsi is from spinous processes of thoracic T7-T12, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest and inferior 3 or 4 ribs, inferior angle of scapula and insertion on floor of intertubercular groove of the humerus. We have studied 50 cadavers in the different medical colleges in which we found 2% case of anterior and posterior slip of the muscle fibers with their extension up to the pectoralis major and teres major respectively. Usually, latissimus dorsi involve in extension, adduction, transverse extension also known as horizontal abduction, flexion from an extended position, and internal rotation of the shoulder joint. It also has a synergistic role in extension and lateral flexion of the lumbar spine. The latissimus dorsi may be used for the tendon graft surgeries. Tight latissimus dorsi has been shown to be one cause of chronic shoulder pain and chronic back pain. Because the latissimus dorsi connects the spine to the humerus, tightness in this muscle can manifest as either sub-optimal glenohumeral joint function (which leads to chronic shoulder pain) or tendinitis in the tendinous fasciae connecting the latissimus dorsi to the thoracic and lumbar spine. Latissimus dorsi used for pedicle transplant rotator cuff repair reconstruction of breast, face, scalp and cranium defect. The extra slip of the latissimus dorsi may puzzle any transplant operations. We as anatomist discuss the clinical implication of the extra slip of latissimus dorsi.

Background: Traditional wisdom is that wound healing is directly related to haemoglobin level in the blood; therefore blood transfusion is given in anaemic patients to raise the haemoglobin level for better wound healing. Methods: Evaluation of wound healing in the form of split thickness skin graft take was done in 35 normovolaemic anaemic patients (haemoglobin level of < 10 gm/ dl) and compared with control group (patients with haemoglobin level of 10 or > 10 gm/ dl). Results: There was no statistically significant difference in mean graft take between the two groups. Conclusion: It is not mandatory to keep haemoglobin level at or >10 g/dL or PCV value at or >30% for skin graft take, as mild to moderate anaemia per se does not cause any deleterious effect on wound healing; provided perfusion is maintained by adequate circulatory volume. Prophylactic transfusion to increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood for the purpose of wound healing is not indicated in asymptomatic normovolemic anaemic patients (with haemoglobin levels greater than 6g/dL) without significant cardiovascular or pulmonary disease.

Background:Traditional wisdom is that wound healing is directly related to haemoglobin level in the blood; therefore blood transfusion is given in anaemic patients to raise the haemoglobin level for better wound healing.Methods:Evaluation of wound healing in the form of split thickness skin graft take was done in 35 normovolaemic anaemic patients (haemoglobin level of < 10 gm/ dl) and compared with control group (patients with haemoglobin level of 10 or > 10 gm/ dl).Results:There was no statistically significant difference in mean graft take between the two groups.Conclusion:It is not mandatory to keep haemoglobin level at or >10 g/dL or PCV value at or >30% for skin graft take, as mild to moderate anaemia per se does not cause any deleterious effect on wound healing; provided perfusion is maintained by adequate circulatory volume. Prophylactic transfusion to increase the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood for the purpose of wound healing is not indicated in asymptomatic normovolemic anaemic patients (with haemoglobin levels greater than 6g/dL) without significant cardiovascular or pulmonary disease.

The field of orthodontics in its new era is stepping ahead to newer technologic perspective. Additive manufacturing is a relatively new technology with rapidly growing range of applications in many fields of medicine and dentistry. A paradigm shift has constituted the progression from gypsum laboratory to 3-Dimensional printing. 3D printing is now easily accessible for orthodontists, being a reliable and costeffective manufacturing method, which may be used in many aspects of orthodontic practice, and its potential is still growing. The article gives necessary insight into the history, development, available technologies of additive manufacturing and provides updates of application of 3-D printing in orthodontics.