The accountancy profession is based on standards, rests on their adoption and successful implementation, and is governed by the overarching principle of serving the public interest. These are complex sets of variables made even more difficult with sovereign interests and multiple stakeholders playing out on a global stage. The Evaluation of the status of accountancy education with its components of qualification, education and training in selected countries and Ballcan compared with the requirements of the IES. Nevertheless, the capital markets, in the aftermath of the 2008 financial crisis, are demanding a single set of high quality internationally accepted accountancy standards where transparency, comparability and reliability of financial information is paramount. The importance of adoption and implementation of IES and the use of benchmarking in identifying country accomplishments and gaps from these standards. To enhance comparability a distinction is made between the four competency sub-pillars of accountancy education: personal development, professional accountancy education, professional development, and competence requirements for auditors. Together the sub-pillars cover all IES in a comprehensive approach that strengthens the statistical analysis of the results. Country overviews contain information about the adoption and implementation of International Education Standards (IES). The discussion of the regions includes country information, regional characteristics, adoption and implementation of IES, and recognition of qualifications.

The transparency and quality of audits performed by professional accountants and auditors are of crucial importance for the functioning of the global financial infrastructure. Over de last decade, more and more auditors were confronted with the globalization of their clients and became so-called group auditors responsible for the overall quality of the audit engagement even if other auditors in other jurisdictions may be involved. It goes without saying that auditors around the globe do not work in the same environment, do not have to comply with the same rules and regulations and do not have the same level of education before they can apply for an audit license. The qualification, education, training and experience of professional accountants and auditors are of crucial importance for the functioning of the global financial infrastructure. A wide range of stakeholders, including regulators and standard setters, professional accountancy organizations and accountancy firms as well as issuers of financial reports and users of accounting services depend on their professional expertise. The Evaluation of the situation of accountancy education with its components of qualification, education and training in selected countries and Ballcan compared with the requirements of the IES. The status of accountancy education with its components of qualification, education and training in Albania (Accountancy Development Index). The (ADI) illustrates how adoption and implementation of international standards can be visualized for all pillars of the global financial infrastructure and how separate pillar scores can be used to clarify results at the sub-pillar or milestone level.

This paper comes as a result of exploring the creative accounting level of recognition and its use by accounting professionals during the preparation of the financial statements of the entities (SMEs) in Albania. In our country the financial reporting is based on national accounting standards which are in accordance with international accounting standards (IFRS for SME). So, based on the literature review, we will give some definitions of creative accounting as well as aspects of its use in different countries. Starting from those practices, we will identify the main factors why managers and accounting professionals exercise creative accounting. Through an analysis based on questionnaire’s data addressed to accounting professionals, we want to show if such practice is implemented in our country and how it is visualized by accounting professionals. In conclusion of this paper we will give some recommendations on the recognition and use of creative accounting by accountants in our country.

Understanding and analyzing accounting and fiscal reporting practices is by no means simple, as they are characterized by complexity and ongoing dynamics. The relationship between accounting and fiscal reporting and the correlation that exists between them is one of the most debated and analyzed phenomena worldwide. It is an early relationship that has evolved over time and has often been accompanied by discussions about its convergence and divergence. The fiscal system has also undergone numerous changes, which has given its impact on the reporting of economic entities. These changes are an integral part of the process of reforming the fiscal system, which has faced many challenges, which definitely require high efficiency and effectiveness, led by the aspiration to be as close as possible to European standards. Often these changes in the fiscal system have not provided scope or do not converge with the accounting rules, which have served as the beginning of the creation of dual models of accounting and fiscal reporting. In this paper, both primary and secondary data were used. Primary research was based on quantitative research through the distribution of questionnaires and qualitative research through interviews with financial experts of entities and tax administration officials. On the other hand, economic development and the intention to be part of European countries, has brought the need for global integration of the capital market. Global investors are interested in cross-border financial reporting, making it a necessity to implement International Accounting Standards and adapt them to the spaces created by our country. The information needs of global investors have forced accounting professionals and institutes to work for harmonization. The result of the work is the construction and testing of an important conceptual model that dictates the potential factors of creating differences in reporting, as a result of dual reporting models. Therefore, there has long been a need for companies around the world to communicate using a common accounting language. Country-specific principles are so diverse that the aspiration for an integrated global capital market can only be fulfilled through a uniform financial reporting code.

This paper comes as a result of exploring the creative accounting level of recognition and its use by accounting professionals during the preparation of the financial statements of the entities (SMEs) in Albania. In our country the financial reporting is based on national accounting standards which are in accordance with international accounting standards (IFRS for SME). So, based on the literature review, we will give some definitions of creative accounting as well as aspects of its use in different countries. Starting from those practices, we will identify the main factors why managers and accounting professionals exercise creative accounting. Through an analysis based on questionnaire's data addressed to accounting professionals, we want to show if such practice is implemented in our country and how it is visualized by accounting professionals. In conclusion of this paper we will give some recommendations on the recognition and use of creative accounting by accountants in our country.