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Publisher's copyright statement: NOTICE: this is the author's version of a work that was accepted for publication in Global environmental change. Changes resulting from the publishing process, such as peer review, editing, corrections, structural formatting, and other quality control mechanisms may not be reected in this document. Changes may have been made to this work since it was submitted for publication. A denitive version was subsequently published in Global environmental change, 23, 2, 2013, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.12.008Additional information: Use policyThe full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that:• a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in DRO • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders.Please consult the full DRO policy for further details.

In earlier publications based on the research discussed in this article (e.g. Szerszynski and Urry 2002), we argued that an emergent culture of cosmopolitanism, refracted into different forms amongst different social groups, was being nurtured by a widespread 'banal globalism'--a proliferation of global symbols and narratives made available through the media and popular culture. In the current article we draw on this and other empirical research to explore the relationship between visuality, mobility and cosmopolitanism. First we describe the multiple forms of mobility that expand people's awareness of the wider world and their capacity to compare different places. We then chart the changing role that visuality has played in citizenship throughout history, noting that citizenship also involves a transformation of vision, an absenting from particular contexts and interests. We explore one particular version of that transformation--seeing the world from afar, especially in the form of images of the earth seen from space--noting how such images conventionally connote both power and alienation. We then draw on another research project, on place and vision, to argue that the shift to a cosmopolitan relationship with place means that humans increasingly inhabit their world only at a distance.

i'liis paper i^ conc-crncLl willi wiicllicr a culluix' o\ cosmopdliuinisnr is ciirrcnlly ciiicigiiig uLiI of massi\L'l\' widc-ranginu 'glolial" |>iXKesscs. TIIL' aulhors dc\clii|"i ccriaiu IliL'orclical coinponcnls nl" stn.-li :i culture, they cniisidcr onszoinsi research eoneeriieLl with belnnujiiiiness lodiiTei-ent ^^eouraiiiiical enlilics iiicluLliiiu Ihe'vvorkI ;is a wliole". and llie\' prcseni Iheir own eiiipirie;il ruscaieh liiuliniis, [-"roni llieir media research tiie\ slmw IIKII Iliere is soniethini: thai cniikl be eallci.1 a "hanal silohalisin'. Irmii tocus urtuip research llie\ show llial IIKTC is a wii.lc awareness of Ihe 'izlohal' hill thai ihis is cinnbineLl in eoniplcN \\a\s with notions of ihe Ideal ;IIKI iirouiKlcd. and Ironi media inlervieus lhe\" Llenionslrale Ihat there is a rcllcxive awareness ol a culune nt llie eosnuipnlit.in. On Ihe basis ol Iheir dala irom Ihe I..'K. tiiey eoiielude ihai a piihhely screened' eosmojiohlan cullure is emersieni aiKl likely lo urehestialc nuich ot social and pnlilical life in liitiire i,leeai.les.

Targets and accounting for negative emissions should be explicitly set and managed separately from existing and future targets for emissions reduction. Failure to make such a separation has already hampered climate policy, exaggerating the expected future contribution of negative emissions in climate models, while also obscuring the extent and pace of the investment needed to deliver negative emissions. Separation would help minimize the negative impacts that promises and deployments of negative emissions could have on emissions reduction, arising from effects such as temporal trade-offs, excessive offsetting, and technological lock-in. Benefits for international, national, local, organizational, and sectoral planning would arise from greater clarity over the role and timing of negative emissions alongside accelerated emissions reduction.