leges, and the development of incident response and business continuity plans. Information sharing between stakeholders is also recommended in order to build resilience. We conclude with a discussion on privacy-conscious data sharing and the unique challenges medical devices pose to security.

BackgroundThe health sector has quickly become a target for cyberattacks. Hospitals are especially sensitive to these sorts of attacks as any disruption in operations or even disclosure of patient personal information can have far-reaching consequences. The objective of this study was to map the available literature on cyberattacks on hospitals and to identify the different domains of research, while extracting the recommendations and guidelines put forth in the literature.MethodsFour databases (PubMed, Web of Science, ProQuest, and Scopus) were searched using standardized and adapted search syntax in order to identify relevant manuscripts published between 1997 and 2017. These were screened by two reviewers and included or excluded based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data from articles were then extracted and analyzed.ResultsThe search identified 818 records of which 97 were included. Of the 97, 32% were published in 2017 while around 40% of the articles were published prior to the last three years. Six domains of research emerged through the analysis, which are included here: context and trends in cybersecurity (27.8%), connected medical devices and equipment (29.9%), hospital information systems (14.4%), raising awareness and lessons learned (6.2%), information security methodology (15.4%), and specific types of attacks (6.2%).ConclusionThere is a generally growing interest in the research field, but the available literature remains limited in number. There are important aspects of cybersecurity (e.g. cloud storage and access management) as well as specific medical fields that rely on various medical devices that have been neglected. Recommendations are available, but comprehensive guidelines and standardized best practice measures are still necessary.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12911-018-0724-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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The quantity of blood required in the total surgical care of 4470 war injured patients in four hospitals was 44.9 units for every 100 patients admitted (u/cp). Patients evacuated to hospital in less than 6 h from wounding required 59.8 u/cp; patients admitted as a result of antipersonnel mines required 103.2 u/cp. Patients with burns potentially require most blood. Whether these figures permit prediction of transfusion requirements for future conflicts is discussed.

In the Swiss context, the newly developed MPH programme at the University of Geneva is experimental in educational matters. Indeed the programme is fully learner-centered and community-oriented. Throughout the curriculum students plan, implement and evaluate intervention programmes or/and research projects related to health problems of the communities they are in charge of. In this article, we describe the educational strategies and tools used in this MPH curriculum (professional profile, mind-mapping procedures, field-work either on research projects or on intervention programmes, group work and evaluation procedures). These strategies and tools might assist some educational experimentation in MPH programmes in search of public health relevance and pedagogic efficacy.