The impact of childhood victimization and other premilitary factors on warzone abusive violence was examined with 177 Vietnam combat veteran inpatients. Premilitary and military variables were also examined in relationship to postmilitary variables, including violence and PTSD. Statistical analyses showed that none of the premilitary variables predicted warzone violence. High combat exposure did, however, predict warzone abusive violence and PTSD. In addition, participation in warzone violence predicted postmilitary violence to self, spouse, and others. Although high rates of childhood victimization and high levels of combat exposure were found, neither predicted postmilitary violence, criminal activities, drug/alcohol problems, or suicide attempts. Low childhood adjustment ratings and school suspensions predicted adult alcohol abuse and drug abuse, respectively. These findings and their implication for treatment are discussed.

The psychological impact of the 1992 Los Angeles riots on 202 Korean-American victims who sustained financial loss or physical injury was investigated. Results indicate that the majority of these riot victims underwent severe distressed and experienced symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. Related research on trauma survivors is reviewed and implications for treatment are discussed.

The impact of childhood victimization and other premilitary factors on warzone abusive violence was examined with 177 Vietnam combat veteran inpatients. Premilitary and military variables were also examined in relationship to postmilitary variables, including violence and PTSD. Statistical analyses showed that none of the premilitary variables predicted warzone violence. High combat exposure did, however, predict warzone abusive violence and PTSD. In addition, participation in warzone violence predicted postmilitary violence to self, spouse, and others. Although high rates of childhood victimization and high levels of combat exposure were found, neither predicted postmilitary violence, criminal activities, drug/alcohol problems, or suicide attempts. Low childhood adjustment ratings and school suspensions predicted adult alcohol abuse and drug abuse, respectively. These findings and their implication for treatment are discussed.

A framework for differentiating between subtypes of trauma reactivation is presented as a guide to client-treatment matching. Case examples are given to illustrate uncomplicated reactivation, complicated reactivation, and respective treatment implications. The rationale for utilizing a psychoeducational approach for treatment of uncomplicated reactivation and a psychodynamic approach for treatment of complicated reactivation is presented. Treatment implication for short-tern disaster counseling services are discussed KEY WORDS: traumatic reactivation; PTSD treatment; integrative treatment model; disaster services.

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