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The analyses revealed a substantial variation in the likelihood of hospitalization associated with ADRs within different therapeutic groups. Among the groups that were most frequently implicated in ADRs, antidepressants showed the highest probability for an ADR-related hospitalization, followed by dietary supplements, herbals, and homeopathics and then by sedatives, hypnotics, and antipsychotics.

Background Opioid-associated ototoxicity is a known complication of opioid exposure, although the mechanism remains unclear. While historically most closely linked to heroin and oxycodone, evolving reports suggest that it may be a class effect of opioids. However, the evidence is limited to case reports. Methods A retrospective review of the New Jersey Poison Center records (ToxiCALL®) identified cases that included both hearing loss and recent opioid exposure between January 1, 1999, and September 21, 2018. Results Forty-one cases were identified, mean age 29.4 years, 51% (n = 21) were male. Reported heroin exposures comprised 51% (n = 22), 18 of which were heroin alone. The next most commonly cited opioids were oxycodone (n = 7), methadone, (n = 4), and tramadol (n = 3). Hearing loss was described as tinnitus in 24% of cases, hypoacusis in 37% of cases, deafness in 29% of cases, and mixed tinnitus/hypoacusis in 10% of cases. Only 34% (n = 14) of cases were associated with a potential hypoxic event.Of the cases that documented resolution data, 21% (n = 4 of 19) reported no improvement at time of hospital discharge. Discussion Opioid-associated ototoxicity appears to be a hypoxia-independent adverse effect since most of the reported cases did not involve a known contributory hypoxic event. It occurs with a wide array of opioids, which supports an opioid receptormediated mechanism. The ototoxic effect may be self-limited in many patients. Conclusion Opioid-associated ototoxicity was most commonly associated with heroin exposure and appeared independent of hypoxic events. Further investigation that clarifies the risk factors and long-term outcomes is needed.

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