A high rate of chlamydial infection was found in this population. Chlamydia infection is associated with aerobic vaginitis.

The prevalence of C. trachomatis is high in pregnant women seen at the Genital Infection Unit Care, UNESP, and is related to many risk factors. Therefore, its screening is extremely important in reducing obstetrical and neonatal complications.

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Preterm labor (PTL) and preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) lead to high perinatal morbidity/mortality rates worldwide. Small extracellular vesicles (sEV) act in cell communication and contain microRNAs that may contribute to the pathogenesis of these complications. We aimed to compare the expression, in sEV from peripheral blood, of miRNAs between term and preterm pregnancies. This cross-sectional study included women who underwent PTL, PPROM, and term pregnancies, examined at the Botucatu Medical School Hospital, SP, Brazil. sEV were isolated from plasma. Western blot used to detect exosomal protein CD63 and nanoparticle tracking analysis were performed. The expression of 800 miRNAs was assessed by the nCounter Humanv3 miRNA Assay (NanoString). The miRNA expression and relative risk were determined. Samples from 31 women—15 preterm and 16 term—were included. miR-612 expression was increased in the preterm groups. miR-612 has been shown to increase apoptosis in tumor cells and to regulate the nuclear factor κB inflammatory pathway, processes involved in PTL/PPROM pathogenesis. miR-1253, miR-1283, miR378e, and miR-579-3p, all associated with cellular senescence, were downregulated in PPROM compared with term pregnancies. We conclude that miRNAs from circulating sEV are differentially expressed between term and preterm pregnancies and modulate genes in pathways that are relevant to PTL/PPROM pathogenesis.