Nitric oxide (NO) is a cell-signaling molecule that regulates a variety of molecular pathways. We investigated the role of NO during preimplantation embryonic development by blocking its production with an inhibitor or supplementing in vitro bovine embryo cultures with its natural precursor, L-arginine, over different periods. Endpoints evaluated included blastocyst rates, development kinetics, and embryo quality. Supplementation with the NO synthase inhibitor N-Nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME) from Days 1 to 8 of culture decreased blastocyst (P < 0.05) and hatching (P < 0.05) rates. When added from Days 1 to 8, 50 mM L-arginine decreased blastocyst rates (P < 0.001); in contrast, when added from Days 5 to 8, 1 mM L-arginine improved embryo hatching rates (P < 0.05) and quality (P < 0.05) as well as increased POU5F1 gene expression (P < 0.05) as compared to the untreated control. Moreover, NO levels in the medium during this culture period positively correlated with the increased embryo hatching rates and quality (P < 0.05). These data suggest exerts its positive effects during the transition from morula to blastocyst stage, and that supplementing the embryo culture medium with L-arginine favors preimplantation development of bovine embryos.
Os óleos essenciais extraídos de plantas apresentam atividade antimicrobiana frente a diversos microrganismos, e são considerados como alternativa a conservação de alimentos. Este estudo testou o efeito antimicrobiano e sinergístico dos óleos essenciais de Eugenia caryophyllata (cravo) e Origanum vulgare (orégano) sobre bactérias contaminantes de alimentos: Escherichia coli, Salmonella entérica, Staphylococcus aureus e Bacillus cereus. O efeito antibacteriano de diferentes concentrações dos óleos essenciais, puros e em combinação, foi determinado pela técnica de difusão em ágar. O aumento da concentração de óleo essencial provocou um aumento significativo no efeito antimicrobiano (p≤0,05). As bactérias Gram-positivas foram mais sensíveis aos óleos essenciais, do que as Gram-negativas. O óleo de orégano apresentou um espectro de ação maior em relação ao cravo. As misturas binárias desses óleos na mesma proporção não apresentaram sinergismo. Enquanto as misturas nas maiores concentrações de orégano e menores de cravo apresentaram sinergismo e seu efeito antibacteriano foi potencializado.
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