The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of congenital and acquired visual impairments on the 21 international performance of Para swimmers and Para track and field athletes. We collected results from 22 visually impaired Para athletes competing in Para swimming or Para athletic events at all IPC-labelled 23 competitions between 2009 and 2019. The dataset contained 20689 events results. Impairment origin was 24 collected from the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) website. We separated impairment origin into 25 two groups to distinguish those with a congenital impairment from those with an acquired impairment. In 26 visual impairment sport classes (11-12-13), the performance level and the age performance relationship were 27 investigated according to the impairment origin. In classes 11 and 12, peak performance was achieved earlier 28 by male and female swimmers with a congenital impairment compared with those who had an acquired 29 impairment (p < 0.05). No differences were present in class 13 or in any class in Para athletics (p > 0.05). A 30 similar performance level was observed among the two sport disciplines for each class (p > 0.05). This study 31 demonstrated that impairment origin can influence the performance pathway among visually impaired 32 swimmers.

BACKGROUND: The COVID 19 pandemic has greatly disrupted high performance sport and international competition. The aim of this study was to quantify the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the world's top 10 performances in Athletics and Swimming among nondisabled and Paralympic athletes. METHODS:The results of the 10-best world performers in 66 Olympic events since 1891 and 255 Paralympic events since 2010 were collected. To quantify the performance trend, the slopes of the 4 years moving average were calculated and analyzed by time period. The distribution of performances (in % of the world record) by year was analyzed to compare the 2020 values to the ten previous years. The stability rate (athletes joining and leaving each year) since 2010 and the number of annual competitions events were also measured.RESULTS: Over the study period, such declines in performance have only been observed during the two World Wars. In 2020, the level of performances has decreased significantly, corresponding to a 6 to 10 years setback. In 2020, the number of new athletes in the 10-best was significantly higher with a lower number of organized competitions. CONCLUSIONS:The impact on the performances of the best international non-disabled and Para athletes has been considerable.

International elite Para swimmers form a large portion of the overall multi-medalist winning population. For the highest performing Para swimmers, world class performances were achieved across different strokes. The aim of this study was to quantify the level of involvement across different events and to examine this in relation to the level of performance. The performances in swimming speed of the top 100 females and males for both Para- and non-disabled swimmers were collected in 11 race events between 2009 and 2019 (4,400 performances for 307 Para females and 365 Para males, 605 non-disabled females, and 715 non-disabled males). We tallied the number of events in which each swimmer was involved. Swimmers were grouped according to the total number of race events in which they participated. Then the association between involvement and level of performance was investigated. Para swimmers with impairment from classes seven to 14 were involved in a range of race events across different strokes. The most common combination for both Para and non-disabled athletes was over similarly distanced races of the same stroke (50 and 100 m freestyle). The more race events in which Para swimmers involved, the higher the level of performance that was achieved. This trend can partially be explained by the less concentrated competition pool for Para swimmers compared to able-bodied swimmers. Para swimmers with minimal and no physical impairment perform in multiple race events more often than able-bodied swimmers. Fewer Para swimmers at the international level and a less concentrated competition pool could explain these differences.